WEAR PROPERTIES OF

FRICTION AND
ANTIFRICTION
METALLIC AND NON-
METALLIC MATERIAL
AMEYA M. MAHADESHWAR
 Wear
Wear is a process of removal of material from one or both of two solid surfaces in solid state contact, occurring
when these two solid surfaces are in sliding or rolling motion together.

Wear is the progressive damage, involving material loss, which occurs on the surface
of a component as result of its motion relative to the adjacent working parts.

John Williams
Occurrence of Wear depends on

• Geometry of the surface

• Applied load

• The rolling and sliding velocities

• Environmental conditions

• Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical properties

• Physical, Thermal and Chemical properties of the lubricant

Types of wear process

•Abrasion
•Erosion
•Adhesion
•Surface Fatigue
•Corrosion
 Abrasive wear

Abrasive wear occurs when a harder material is rubbing against a softer material

Two body wear

Three body
wear

𝑁𝐿
V = 𝐾 3σ𝑠

Where
V = wear volume, L = sliding velocity
N = applied load, σs = surface strength
K = wear coefficient
Frictional wear / adhesive wear

Two bodies sliding over or pressed into each other which promote the material
transfer from one to another.

𝑉 𝑃
=𝐾
𝐿 3σ𝑦

Where
V = wear volume
L = sliding velocity
P = applied load
σy = yield stress of softer material
K = wear coefficient
 FRICTION OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
Non-metals : Non-metals are naturally occurring elements that do not possess
the typical physical and chemical characteristics of metals, such as
Flexibility, The Ability To Conduct Electricity And Hardness.
Physical Properties Of Non Metals
•Non-metal are neither Malleable nor Ductile. Non-metal are Brittle
•Non-metals do not conduct Heat And Electricity
•Non-metals are Not Lustrous
•Non-metal are generally Soft
•Non-metals are Not Strong
•Non-metals have a low Densities
•Non-metals are Non-sonorous
•Non-metals have low Coefficient Of Friction as compare to metals.
 Non metals in Bearing

Non metal in bearing are very popular for use on metal surfaces. Plastics offer many advantages over other common
bearing materials.
•Plastics are extremely corrosive resistant and most are chemically resistant.
• Plastic bearings do not transfer heat to other areas of the mechanical assembly.
•Many plastics are even self-lubricating and therefore eliminate the possibility of failures from lack of maintenance

•Although many different types of plastics have properties which make them suitable for bearing applications, the
most commonly used are
1. phenolics,
2. acetals,
3. Teflon (PTFE),
4. ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and
5. nylon.
The major limitations involved in the use of plastics have to do with high temperatures and possible cold
flow under heavy loads
Phenolics:

• The compatibility of the phenolics makes them easily lubricated by various fluids.
• They have replaced metal bearings in such applications as propeller and rubbershaft bearings in ships and
electrical switchgear, rollingmill, and waterturbine bearings.
• In small instruments and clock motors, laminated phenolics serve as structural members as well as a bearing
material. They have excellent strength and shock resistance coupled with resistance to water, acid, and alkali
solutions. Phenolic plastic bearings work well in heavily loaded systems provided sufficient clearance and cooling
is provided.
Nylon:

•Although the phenolics have predominated in heavy duty applications, they are frequently replaced by nylon which
has the widest use in plastic bearings
•Nylon bushings exhibit low friction and require no lubrication.
•Nylon is quiet in operation, resists abrasion, wears at a low rate, and is easily molded, cast, or machined to close
tolerances.
•Improvement in mechanical properties, rigidity, and wear resistance is obtained by adding fillers such as graphite and
molybdenum disulfide to nylon.
•While the maximum recommended continuous service temperature for ordinary nylon is 170°F, and 250°F for heat
stabilized compositions, filled nylon parts resist distortion at temperatures up to 300°F.
• Nylon is also very inexpensive.
Teflon (PTFE)

•Teflon is a great material for bearings for several reasons. It has an exceptionally low coefficient of friction and high self
lubricating characteristics, immunity to almost all types of chemical attack, and ability to operate over an extremely
wide temperature range (330 to 360°F continuous, to 550°F shortterm).
•PTFE’s load capacity depends on construction and reinforcing material. PTFE is a great choice for applications that
include exposure to weather,chemicals, or vapors which can attack metals, lubricants, and some plastics.
• Teflon bearings are also ideal for applications like sluice gates that involve the need to operate smoothly, reliably, and
without sticking after prolonged idle periods.
•Other applications for PTFE include those with low rpm, oscillatory or intermittent service, or where reliable service
without lubrication is vital. The major drawback to using Teflon is that the cost of PTFE is high relative to plain metal or
other resins.
Acetal (Delrin):

•Delrin is a popular material for inexpensive bearings in a wide variety of automotive, appliance,
and industrial applications.
•Delrin is particularly useful in wet environments because of its stability and resistance to wet
abrasion.
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE):

• UHMWPE bearings resist abrasion and have a smooth, lowfriction surface.

•UHMWPE is often an ideal replacement material for parts typically made from acetal, nylon, or PTFE materials.
UN-LUBRICATED METAL SURFACE
 FRICTION OF METALS

The coefficient of friction of a particular materials depends on

1. Mating materials
2. Surface roughness
3. Operating conditions
4. Load
5. Surface Area

• Friction strongly depends on mating materials and to a lesser extent on surface roughness, operating
conditions, load & surface area.
FRICTION OF CLEAN METAL SURFACES

• Two types of behaviour:

1. Severe Frictional Behaviour

2. Mild Frictional Behaviour

SEVERE FRICTIONAL BEHAVIOUR

• Friction coefficient is high (1.2 to 0.6)

• Large irregular fluctuations in the
instantaneous values of the friction force
• Tracks are seen on the surface where
prominent points on one surface, ploughed
through the other
• Microscopy shows large particles (exceeding
50 μm) transferred from one surface to the
other
MILD FRICTIONAL BEHAVIOUR

• Friction coefficient is lower (0.6 to 0.3)

• Friction coefficient is either steady or else
of the regular stick-slip type fluctuating
between two well-defined extreme
positions
• Surfaces show fine lines indicating
ploughing of small asperities on other
surface
• Microscopy shows smallparticles (below 25
μm) transferred from one surface to the
other
SOME OBSERVATIONS
Severe frictional behaviour is found when
• The two metal surfaces consist of the same metal, or,
• They consist of compatible metals i. e. Substantial solubility of atoms of one metal in a lattice of the other causes
severe wear
• Examples:
1. Sliding of copper on copper gives μ above 1.0 (same metals)
2. Sliding of aluminum on iron or low-carbon steel gives high values of μ (≈0.8) since the two metals have high
solid solubility

Mild frictional behaviour prevails when

• Metals are not alike or of low affinity
• Examples:
1. Silver sliding on iron or low-carbon steel gives low values of μ (≈0.3). This is because the two metals do not
alloy (Molten silver and Molten iron are immiscible)
SOME OBSERVATIONS

• Severe frictional behaviour prevails when one of the sliding metals is very soft
• Soft metal readily coats the other metal with a film of its own fragments, making further sliding to be that
between the same soft metals
• Hard metals (such as, chromium and nickel), do not show severe frictional behaviour even when
slid against themselves
• Under high humidity conditions, adsorbed moisture film acts as a lubricant
• Severe frictional behaviour is interpreted as an instability due to excessive growth and spreading
into each other of individual junctions
• Rough surfaces are not likely to give very high friction values since it is difficult to grow the junctions to a
marked degree. This is more prominent when the lapping groves are at right angles to the sliding direction.
 ANTIFRICTION CARBON MATERIALS
• Carbon burnt materials • Antifriction graphite-fluoroplastic materials
• Carbon burnt materials impregnated with metals and alloys Graphite-fluoroplastic material of the grade
АФГМ
• Carbon-babbitt materials of the grades АО-600-Б83, АО-1500-Б83, Graphite-fluoroplastic material of the grade
АОП-1500-Б83
7В-2А
• Carbon-lead moulds of the grades АО-1500-С05; АО-600-С05; АОП- Graphite-fluoroplastic material of the grade
1500-С05 АФГ-80 ВС
• Carbon graphite materials Graphite-fluoroplastic material of the grade
КВ
• Carbon burnt materials impregnated with metals and alloys
Graphite-fluoroplastic material of the grade
Graphite-lead moulds of the grades АГ-1500-С05; АГ-600-С05 КМ
Graphite-babbitt moulds of the grades АГ-1500-Б83; АГ-600- • Antifriction graphite-fluoroplastic materials
Б83 АМС-1 grade material
АМС-3 grade material
Metal-lead moulds of the gradesАМГ-С05; ППГ-С05
Graphite-lead moulds of the grades АГ-1500-3С05
Metal-graphite moulds of the grades АМГ-Б83; ППГ-Б83
 ANTIFRICTION CARBON MATERIALS
Carbon burnt materials
• Are used to manufacture the parts of blocks for machines and hardware operating without lubricant and in the
conditions of steady or smoothly changing load, for instance, piston rings for compressors (working media are
ammonia and carbonic acid), drying cylinders, etc.

• For the parts made of the materials AO-1500 it is recommended to use perlitic cast iron and chrome dressing as the
countershank material; permissible specific pressure is 15-20 kgc/cm2; permissible speed is 10 m/s.

• For the parts made of the material АO-600 the recommended material of the countershank material is the same as
for the parts made of the material AO-1500; permissible specific pressure is 10-15 kgc/cm2; permissible speed is 10
m/s.
• Permissible working temperature upon exploitation of products made of the material AO-1500 in the oxidizing
medium is 350-400° C, in the reducing and neutral media is 1300-1500° C; for the parts made of AO-600 material is
accordingly 300-350° C and 1300-1300° C.
• Amount of wear at permissible specific pressures and speeds in the conditions of dry friction in the air at the indoor
temperature for 100 hours of operation is not more than 50 mkm.
 ANTIFRICTION CARBON MATERIALS
Carbon graphite materials
• Are used to manufacture the parts of friction blocks for machines and hardware operating without
lubricant and in the conditions of steady or smoothly changing load, for instance, thickening rings for the
shafts of turbine expansion engines (working medium is nitrogen), bearing sliding shells and face
thickening rings of centrifugal pumps (medium – liquid gases, petroleum, kerosene, diesel fuel, black oil),
thickening rings for hydraulic pumps (medium – oil), etc.
• For the parts made of the material АГ-1500 it is recommended to use steels of all grades and hardnesses
and chrome dressing as the countershank material; permissible specific pressure is 10-15 kgc/cm2;
permissible speed is 30 m/s.

• For the parts made of the material АГ-600 it is recommended to use the same countershank material as
for the parts made of АГ-1500 material, permissible specific pressure is 10-12 kgc/cm2; permissible speed
is 20 m/s.
• Permissible working temperature upon exploitation of products made of АГ-1500 and АГ-600 materials in
the oxidizing medium comes to 400-450° C, in the reducing and neutral media is 2300-2500° C.

• Amount of wear at permissible specific pressures and speeds in the conditions of dry friction in the air at
the indoor temperature for 100 hours of operation is not more than 50 mkm
ANTIFRICTION CARBON MATERIALS

Antifriction graphite-fluoroplastic materials

Graphite-fluoroplastic material of the grade АФГМ
• Is used to manufacture piston and gasket thickenings of compressors condensing dried gases (the dew
point is below 0° C, moisture content is less than 4 g/m3 )
• For the parts made of the material АФГМ it is recommended to use cast iron, steel as the countershank
material; permissible pressure is 15-20 kgc/cm2; permissible speed is 5 m/s.
• Permissible working temperature upon exploitation of products made of АФГМ material in the oxidizing
medium comes to 180° C, in the reducing and neutral media - 200° C.
• Amount of wear at permissible specific pressures and speeds in the conditions of dry friction in the air
at the indoor temperature for 100 hours of operation is not more than 30 mkm.
WEAR PROPERTIES- ANTIFRICTION- NON-METALLIC
BEARING

• BECHEM Anti-Friction-Coatings are touch dry lubricant solutions which, in their formulation, resemble
common industrial varnishes.
 solid lubricants as pigments,
 resins as bonding agents
 solvents.
THE ADVANTAGES OF ANTI-FRICTION-COATINGS

• ■■ Reduction of friction and wear

• ■■ Constant friction values with low variation
• ■■ Application under most severe conditions, such as temperature, vacuum and dust
• ■■ Depending on the product type temperature resistance is situated in a range from – 200 °C to + 650 °C
• ■■ In many cases lifetime lubrication without oil and grease
• ■■ Support for oil and grease lubrication, thus improved running-in of machine elements and emergency running
• properties
• ■■ Suitable for all materials such as metals, plastics, elastomers and wood
• ■■ Excellent corrosion protection
• ■■ Long shelf life without influence on aging
THE ADVANTAGES OF ANTI-FRICTION-COATINGS
• ■■ Mineral oil and chemical resistant coatings possible
• ■■ Clean application – no contamination of the friction point and surroundings
• ■■ Decorative appearance
• ■■ Reduction of vibrational friction wear (contact corrosion)
• ■■ Thin layers can be obtained (5 – 30 μm)
• ■■ Coverage rate amounts to an average of 15 m2/kg
• ■■ Bonded lubricant coatings can be revarnished
• ■■ No hydrogen embrittlement
• ■■ Improved assembly of machine elements
• ■■ Minimisation of maintenance costs
WEAR PROPERTIES- ANTIFRICTION- NON-METALLIC
BEARING

• Babbitt metal is most commonly used as a thin surface layer in a complex, multi-metal structure, but its
original use was as a cast-in-place bulk bearing material.
• Babbitt metal is characterized by its resistance to galling.
• Babbitt metal is soft and easily damaged, which suggests that it might be unsuitable for a bearing
surface. However, its structure is made up of small hard crystals dispersed in a softer metal, which
makes it a metal matrix composite. As the bearing wears, the softer metal erodes somewhat, which
creates paths for lubricant between the hard high spots that provide the actual bearing surface.
• When tin is used as the softer metal, friction causes the tin to melt and function as a lubricant, which
protects the bearing from wear when other lubricants are absent.
Babbit Material:
Johnson's Prop
Yield Point, Apparent er
psiD (MPa) Elastic Limit Melti
Indus AST Pouri
psi (MPa)E ng
try M Com P C S A ot ng
Sn Point
Nam Grad ments b u b s h. 20° 100° 20° 100° Tem
°F (°C
es e C C C C p
)
(68° (212 (68° (212 °F (°C
F) °F) F) °F) )

79.9 14.5 0.8

Durite[5] 15 0.8–1.2 – – –
83.9 17.5 1.4
Grade ≤ 5– 6–
11 86–89
11[5] 0.35 6.5 7.5
≤
Grade 82.5 9.5–
13 5.5–6.5 0.2
13[5] –85 10.5
5
2.5
Grade 9.3– 11–
4 74–76 –
4[5] 10.7 13
3.5
Heavy 72.5 0.3 3550 1600 2500
9.3– 14– 1350 464 640
Pressur 7 – – (24.5)[ (11.0)[6 (17.2)[
10.7 16 (9.3)[6] (240)[6] (338)[6]
e[5] 76.5 0.6 6] ] 6]

Most
common
and
Nickel 6100 3000 3350
industry ≤ 1100 466 795
Genuin 2 88–90 3–4 7–8 (42.0)[ (20.6)[6 (23.1)[
standard 0.35 (7.6)[6] (241)[6] (424)[6]
e[5] 6] ] 6]
for
bearing
lining.
4400 2650 2450
≤ 1050 433 825
No. 1[5] 1 90–92 4–5 4–5 (30.3)[ (18.3)[6 (16.9)[
0.35 6] ] 6] (7.2)[6] (223)[6] (441)[6]

77.9 0.3 3400 1750 2650

14– 1200 459 645
Royal[5] 8 4.5–5.5 – – (23.4)[ (12.1)[6 (18.3)[
16 6] ] 6] (8.3)[6] (237)[6] (341)[6]
81.2 0.6
915
7.5 6600 3150 5350
Super ≤ 7.5– 1300 464 (491)[6]
3 83–85 – (45.5)[ (21.7)[6 (36.9)[
Tough[5] 0.35 8.5 6] ] 6] (9.0)[6] (240)[6]
8.5
Thank You