Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
An Introduction to
Electrical Engineering
3/31/2018
October, 2015 1
Overview
3/31/2018 2
Assignments and CAT
20/10/2015 Homework 1,
22/10/2015 , Assignment
3/31/2018 3
What is electrical engineering?
3/31/2018 4
A brief history
In 1600, William Gilbert called
the property of attracting
particles after being rubbed
“electricus”.
3/31/2018 A versorium 5
A brief history
1800 – voltaic pile developed by Alessandro
Volta, a precursor to the battery
Voltaic pile
Spark-gap transmitter
Z3 computer
3/31/2018 7
Transistor
A brief history
1958 – integrated circuit
developed by Jack Kilby
Integrated circuits
3/31/2018 8
Microprocessor
So where is the field now?
3/31/2018 9
Fields of study
Power:
Creation, storage, and distribution of electricity
Control:
Design of dynamic systems and controllers for the
systems
Electronics/Microelectronics:
Design of integrated circuits, microprocessors, etc.
Computer:
Design and development of computer systems
Instrumentation:
Design of sensors and data acquisition equipment
3/31/2018 11
Basic concepts
✴ Electricity
✴ Charge
✴ Current
✴ Voltage
✴ Power and Energy
3/31/2018 12
Electricity
3/31/2018 13
Charge
3/31/2018 14
Charge
Characteristic property of subatomic
particles responsible for electric phenomena
Electron
- + Proton
−1.602×10−19 C 1.602×10−19 C
3/31/2018
e = elementary charge = charge of proton 15
Charge
“Charged” particles exhibit forces
- -
Like charges repel each other
- +
Opposite charges attract one another
q1 q2
r (meters)
(Newtons)
3/31/2018 18
Electric current
3/31/2018 19
Electrical Circuits
3/31/2018 20
Electric circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
linked together in a closed path so that electric current may
flow continuously
3/31/2018 21
Rate of flow of charge form node a to node b
(i = current)
Vab = -Vba
Note: In a circuit, voltage is often defined relative to
3/31/2018 “ground” 23
Voltage
The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to move a
-
unit of positive charge from the “ ” terminal to the “+” terminal
3/31/2018 24
Power
The rate at which energy is converted or work is performed
3/31/2018 25
Circuit schematic example
3/31/2018 26
Circuit elements
3/31/2018 27
Resistors
Resistance (R) is the physical
property of an element that
impedes the flow of current . The
units of resistance are Ohms (Ω)
3/31/2018 29
Resistors
3/31/2018 30
Ohm’s Law
(remember, R is in Ω
and ρ is in Ω-m)
3/31/2018 31
Resistance and temperature
3/31/2018 32
Capacitors
3/31/2018 33
Capacitors
A capacitor consists of a pair of
conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator).
3/31/2018 35
Capacitors
The capacitor plate attached to the negative
terminal accepts electrons from the battery.
3/31/2018 36
Energy storage
3/31/2018 37
Inductors
3/31/2018 38
Inductors
3/31/2018 39
Inductors
The magnetic field from an inductor can generate an induced
voltage, which can be used to drive current
While building the magnetic field, the inductor resists current flow
3/31/2018 40
Inductors
What happens to the light bulb when the switch is then opened?
3/31/2018 41
Energy storage
Inductors can store energy in the form of a magnetic
field when a current is passed through them.
3/31/2018 42
Transformers and alternators
Inductors are located in both transformers and alternators,
allowing voltage conversion and current generation, respectively
Examples:
-AA batteries
-12-Volt car battery
-Wall plug
3/31/2018 44
Ideal voltage source
An ideal voltage source is a circuit element where the voltage
across the source is independent of the current through it.
3/31/2018 45
Ideal current source
An ideal current source is a circuit element where the current
through the source is independent of the voltage across it.
3/31/2018 46
Dependent Sources
A dependent or controlled source depends upon a different
voltage or current in the circuit
3/31/2018 47
Chapter 2. Electric Circuits and Power
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3...
Total resistance
(ohms)
Individual resistances (W)
2.1 Total resistance in a series
circuit
• Light bulbs, resistors, motors, and heaters usually have much
greater resistance than wires and batteries.
2.1 Calculate current
• In parallel circuits the current can take more than one path.
• Because there are multiple branches, the current is not the
same at all points in a parallel circuit.
2.1 Series and Parallel Circuits
Key Question:
How do we analyze
network circuits?
V0 = R2 Vi
R1 + R2
Output Input
resistor ratio voltage
voltage
(volts) (W) (volts)
2.2 Solving circuit problems
Voltage (volts)
Power (watts) P = VI Current (amps)
2.3 Calculate power
Power (watts) P = VI x pf
power factor
0-100%
Application: Wiring in Homes and
Buildings
Application: Wiring in Homes and
Buildings
MAGNETISM &
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Lecture 3
Magnets and Magnetic Fields
• This is sometimes a complicated subject, because although
we use it every day in every motor, we don't really come in
contact with magnetism.
• Also, the way the force of magnetism acts is unlike any we
have come in contact with yet in our study of physical
phenomena. It is a property that always requires three
dimensions to describe.
• Because magnetism involves three dimensions, we often have
to draw vectors into the plane of the paper or out of the plane
of the paper. We represent vectors like that as arrows. But all
we see is either the tip of the arrow , if the field is coming
out of the page, or the tail of the arrow, , if the field is going
into the page.
Permanent Magnets and Magnetic
Fields
Magnetic Field of a Wire (Hans
Christian Oersted – 1820)
• The field goes in circles around the wire. The
direction is given by the right hand rule. Thumb is
in direction of current.
• The fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic
field. What is its magnitude? A drawing of the
field lines shows they go in circles around the
wire and are denser near the wire.
• Where the field lines are denser, the magnetic
field is stronger.
• It is stronger near the wire.
• The magnitude is given by the formula
MAGNETISM AND CURRENT
Magnetic Field of a Wire Loop
• What about a loop of wire? Each section of
the wire gives a magnetic field with the
direction determined by the right hand rule.
• The magnetic field inside the wire is in a
different direction from the magnetic field
outside the wire. At the center of the loop
Magnetic Field of a Wire Loop
• N = number of turns. I = current in the wire. R
is the radius of the wire
Ampere's Law
• There is a fundamental principle which allows
us to calculate the magnetic field from any
wire carrying a current.
• André Marie Ampere determined that if we
take any closed path around a current carrying
wire and looked only at the vector component
of the magnetic field parallel to that closed
path, you would find
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
• If I now take many turns of wire, and pack
them tightly, I get a solenoid. Inside the
solenoid, the magnetic field is approximately
constant and outside the solenoid the
magnetic field is approximately zero. See
Figure below. The direction of the field is given
by the RHR and the magnitude can be
determined using Ampere's law.
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
• Transformers
Transformers
AC Circuits lecture 4
Objectives:
A phasor is a vector whose magnitude is the maximum value of a quantity (eg V or I) and
which rotates counterclockwise in a 2-d plane with angular velocity w. Recall uniform circular
motion:
x r cosw t
y r sin w t y y
w
The projections of r (on the
vertical y axis) execute x
sinusoidal oscillation.
Suppose: r1
r1
xx
Phasors for L,C,R
00,,
nn
.... r1
11
r1
V
i
i w
R V
f(f(xx))000
R
VR Ri m sin w t
wt
r1
xx 00,, r1 .... r1
r1
n 11 t
00 22 44 66
11
xx
i i w
1
VC i m cos wt f( x ) 00
wC wt
r1
V
C
x 0 , .. r1 V
n 1 C
0 2 4 66
1.01 1
w
x
i V
L i
VL w Li m cos w t f( x ) 0
0
wt
V
L
1.01 1
0 2 4 6
Phasors: LCR
• Given: m sin w t
• Assume: R
C L
~
w
i m wL
From these equations, we can draw the phasor diagram
to the right.
R
C m
L
~
i m XC im R
• The phasor diagram has been relabeled in terms of the reactances
defined from:
1
X L wL XC
wC
i m (XL-X C) im R
m
m
i m XC im R X L XC
tan
R
X L wL XC
1
2m i 2m R 2 X L X C
2
wC
Z R 2 X L XC
2
m m
im
R 2 X L XC
2 Z
Phasors:Tips i m XL
• This phasor diagram was drawn as a snapshot y
of time t=0 with the voltages being given as the
projections along the y-axis.
m
• Sometimes, in working problems, it is easier to
x
draw the diagram at a time when the current is
along the x-axis (when i=0).
imXL
i m XC im R
m
From this diagram, we can also create a triangle
which allows us to calculate the impedance Z:
imR
Z
X L XC
imXC
R
“Full Phasor Diagram” “ Impedance Triangle”
Phasors:LCR
We have found the general solution for the driven LCR circuit:
imXL i i m sin( w t )
the loop
m w eqn
tan
X L XC
R
imZ
m
imR im
Z
imXC XL
Z
X L wL
XL - XC
1
XC R
wC
XC
Z R 2 X L XC
2
Lagging & Leading
The phase between the current and the driving emf depends on the relative
magnitudes of the inductive and capacitive reactances.
X XC X L wL
im m tan L 1
Z R XC
wC
XL
Z XL
XL
Z
R R R
Z
XC XC
XC
XL > XC XL < XC XL = XC
>0 <0 =0
current current current
LAGS LEADS IN PHASE
applied voltage applied voltage applied voltage
Parallel RLC Circuit
Discussions and exercises on parallel RLC Circuits
during the lecture will be conducted
Power in RLC circuits both in // and
Series
• Discussed in class
• Exercises
• Assignments