Automatic Storage Management: Julian Dyke Independent Consultant

Automatic Storage
Management
Julian Dyke
Independent Consultant
Web Version - December 2008

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com
Objectives
1. Understand how Oracle database files are stored in ASM
2. Calculate how long ASM rebalance operations will take

Agenda
 ASM Instances
 ASM Disk Groups
 Metadata
 Extent Distribution
 Rebalancing
 Redundancy

ASM
Instances

ASM Single Instance Architecture
OCSSD Oracle
Daemon Clusterware
Only
ASM
Instance
RDBMS
Instance
Server
Dedicated
Storage

ASM Single Instance Background Processes
Oracle 11.1
DBW0 VKTM PSP0 MMAN RBAL
LGWR Fixed Area GMON
CKPT X000
Variable Area
SMON DIAG
PMON ASM Cache DIA0

ASM RAC Architecture
Public
Network
Private
Network
Oracle Oracle Oracle Oracle
Clusterware Clusterware Clusterware Clusterware
ASM ASM ASM ASM

Instance Instance Instance Instance
RDBMS RDBMS RDBMS RDBMS

Instance Instance Instance Instance
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4

Storage
Network
Shared
Storage

ASM RAC Architecture
CLUSTERWARE Clusterware CLUSTERWARE
+ASM1 ASM +ASM2

Instances
PROD1 TEST1 RDBMS PROD2 TEST2

Instances
PROD
TEST
Database Files

ASM RAC Instance Background Processes
Oracle 11.1
LMON LMS0 LMD0 LCK0 DIAG
DBW0 VKTM PSP0 MMAN RBAL
LGWR Fixed Area GMON
CKPT X000
SMON Variable Area DIAG
PMON DIA0
MARK ASM Cache KATE

ASM
Disk
Groups

ASM Disk Groups and Disks
Disk Disk Disk

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 5 Disk 3
Disk 4 Disk 6 Disk 7

ASM Disk Groups and Disks
Disk Disk Disk

Disk 1 Disk 4 Disk 2 Disk 5 Disk 6 Disk 7 Disk 3

ASM Disk Groups, Disks and Database Files
Disk Disk Disk

File 2
File 3
File 1
File 5
File 4
File 5 File 6
Disk 3
Disk 1 Disk 4

File Extents versus Allocation Units
 File Extent
 Logical unit of ASM file
 Map to allocation units
 One to many mapping
 Allocation Unit
 Physical unit of ASM disk
 Oracle 10.2 and below
 Always 1MB
 Can be increased using _asm_ausize
 Oracle 11.1 and above
 Variable size
 1MB, 2MB ,4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB

X$KFFXP
 Maps file extents to allocation units
 Only populated in ASM instance
 Columns include
Column Name Description

GROUP_KFFXP Disk Group Number
NUMBER_KFFXP File Number
COMPOUND_KFFXP Disk Group Number || File Number
INCARN_KFFXP Incarnation Number
PXN_KFFXP Physical Extent Number (within file)
XNUM_KFFXP Logical Extent Number (within file)
LXN_KFFXP 0=primary, 1=first mirror, 2=second mirror
DISK_KFFXP Disk Number
AU_KFFXP Allocation Unit Number (within disk)
SIZE_KFFXP Size (# allocation units)

ASM Metadata
 Metadata is stored in first 256 files in ASM disk group
 Space is initially allocated when disk group is created
 Can be subsequently extended
 Metadata allocation units are divided into blocks

 Each block is 4096 bytes
 Block size specifed using _asm_blksize
File# Description
 Metadata files include
0 Metadata Header
1 File Directory
2 Disk Directory
3 Active Change Directory
4 Continuing Operations Directory
5 Template Directory
6 Alias Directory
9 Attribute directory (optional)
12 Staleness registry (optional)
ASM Metadata
Metadata Header
Disk Header
Partner Status Table
Free Space
File Directory Table
Disk Directory Allocation

Table
Active Change
Directory
Continuing Operations
Directory
Template Directory
Alias Directory Metadata

Header

ASM Metadata
 Initial Allocation (Single Instance)
File# AU Description # AUs

0 0 Disk Header, Free Space Table, Allocation Table 1
1 Partner Status Table 1
1 File Directory 1
2 Disk Directory 1
3 Active Change Directory 42
4 Continuing Operations Directory 2
5 Template Directory 1
6 Alias Directory 1
 Active Change Directory

 Records changes to metadata
 Used during recovery of instance or operation failures
 Continuing Operations Directory
 Maintains state of active operations

ASM Metadata Block Types
Type Description Type Description

1 KFBTYP_DISKHEAD 13 KFBTYP_PST_NONE
2 KFBTYP_FREESPC 14 KFBTYP_HASHNODE
3 KFBTYP_ALLOCTBL 15 KFBTYP_COD_RBO
4 KFBTYP_FILEDIR 16 KFBTYP_COD_DATA
5 KFBTYP_LISTHEAD 17 KFBTYP_PST_META
6 KFBTYP_DISKDIR 18 KFBTYP_PST_DTA
7 KFBTYP_ACDC 19 KFBTYP_HBEAT
8 KFBTYP_CHNGDIR 20 KFBTYP_SR
9 KFBTYP_CODBGO 21 KFBTYP_STALEDIR
10 KFBTYP_TMPLTDIR 22 KFBTYP_VOLUMEDIR
11 KFBTYP_ALIASDIR 23 KFBTYP_ATTRDIR
12 KFBTYP_INDIRECT

KFED Utility
 In Oracle 10.2 and above the kfed utility can be used to inspect and edit the
contents of ASM blocks
[oracle@server3 ~]$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/kfed -h

as/mlib ASM Library [asmlib='lib']
aun/um AU number to examine or update [AUNUM=number]
aus/z Allocation Unit size in bytes [AUSZ=number]
blkn/um Block number to examine or update [BLKNUM=number]
blks/z Metadata block size in bytes [BLKSZ=number]
ch/ksum Update checksum before each write [CHKSUM=YES/NO]
cn/t Count of AUs to process [CNT=number]
d/ev ASM device to examine or update [DEV=string]
o/p KFED operation type
[OP=READ/WRITE/MERGE/NEW/FORM/FIND/STRUCT]
p/rovnm Name for provisioning purposes [PROVNM=string]
s/eek AU number to seek to [SEEK=number]
te/xt File name for translated block text [TEXT=string]
ty/pe ASM metadata block type number [TYPE=number]
 This utility should only be used under the guidance of Oracle Support

KFED Utility
 For example to dump blocks in aliases directory in DISKGROUP1
 Find group number
SELECT group_number FROM v$asm_diskgroup
WHERE name = 'DISKGROUP1';
 Alias directory is stored in file number 6
SELECT disk_kffxp, au_kffxp FROM x$kffxp
WHERE group_kffxp = 1
AND number_kffxp = 6
AND lxn_kffxp = 0;
Disk Allocation Unit
0 49
 Find disk name
SELECT path FROM v$asm_disk

WHERE group_number = 1
AND disk_number = 0;
Path
/dev/oracleasm/disks/VOL1
KFED Utility
 Example (continued)
 Allocation unit is 1MB
 Block size is 4096
 Therefore there are 256 blocks per allocation unit
 Starting block offset = 256 * 49 = 12544
for (( f = 12544 ; f < 12544 + 256 ; f++ ))

do
kfed op=read blkn=$f dev='/dev/oracleasm/disks/VOL1' > blk${f}
done

Extent
Distribution

Extent Distribution
 Creating a disk group:
CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup1

EXTERNAL REDUNDANCY
DISK '/dev/oracleasm/disks/VOL1';
 Dropping a disk group:
DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup1

INCLUDING CONTENTS

Extent Distribution
1 disk
Metadata
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Disk 0
Metadata Data

Extent Distribution
2 disks
1
3
5
Metadata 7
9
11
13
0 15
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Disk 0 Disk 1
Metadata Data

Extent Distribution
4 disks
2 1 3
6 5 7
10 9 11
Metadata 14 13 15
18 17 19
22 21 23
26 25 27
0 30 29 31
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
Metadata Data

Extent Distribution
1 large disk - 1 small disk
2
5
8
Metadata 11
0
1
3
4
6
7
9
10
Disk 0 Disk 1
Metadata Data

Extent Distribution
1 large disk - 3 small disks
2 1 4
7 6 9
12 11 14
Metadata 17 16 19
0
3
5
8
10
13
15
18
Metadata Data

Extent Distribution
2 large disks - 2 small disks
1 3 5
4 9 11
7 15 17
Metadata 10 21 23
13
16
19
0 22
2
6
8
12
14
18
20
Metadata Data

Rebalancing

Extent Distribution
 Adding a disk:
ALTER DISKGROUP diskgroup1

ADD DISK '/dev/oracleasm/disks/VOL2'
REBALANCE POWER 0;
 Dropping a disk:

DROP DISK 'DISKGROUP1_0002'
REBALANCE POWER 0;
 Rebalancing a disk group:

REBALANCE POWER 1;

Rebalancing
Adding disks - 1 disks to 2 disks
0 1
1 3
2 5
3 7
4 1
5 3
6 5
7 7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Disk 0 Disk 1
Metadata Data
3 STOP © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Rebalancing
0 2 1 0
1 6 5 4
2 2 1 0
3 6 5 4
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Metadata Data

Rebalancing
0 0 0
1 12 3
2 4 2
3 6 5
4 48 8
5 10 11
1 12 14
3 14 17
5 16
7
9
11
13
15
17
Metadata Data

Rebalancing
0 20 1 0
1 2 5 4
2 64 1 0
3 6 5 4
4 8 9 8
5 10 13 12
6 12
7 14
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
Metadata Data

Rebalancing
Dropping disks - 3 disks to 1 disk
0 1 2
3 4 5
0 1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8
1
2
4
5
1
2
4
5
7
8
Metadata Data

Rebalancing
Moving disks - 2 disks to 2 disks
0 0 0
1 2 2
2 4 4
3 6 6
4 8 0
5 10 2
6 12 4
7 14 6
1 8
3 10
5 12
7 14
9
11
13
15
Metadata Data

Rebalancing
V$ASM_OPERATION
 Contains details of ongoing rebalance operations
Column Name Data Type
GROUP_NUMBER NUMBER
OPERATION CHAR(5)
STATE VARCHAR2(4)
POWER NUMBER
ACTUAL NUMBER
SOFAR NUMBER
EST_WORK NUMBER
EST_RATE NUMBER
Estimate of
EST_MINUTE NUMBER remaining time
ERROR_CODE VARCHAR2(44)

Rebalancing
Power Limit
 Power limit can be 0 to 11
 0 disables rebalance operation
 1 to 11 specifies number of ARBn background processes used for
rebalance
 In Oracle 10.2
 RBAL manages rebalance operation
 Each ARBn background process is allocated a range of 128 allocation
units to rebalance
 When complete another range is requested
 AD lock is taken while an allocation unit is being rebalanced
 Rebalance operations take much longer than theoretically necessary.
Possible reasons include:
 Locking
 GES updates with other ASM instances
 Updates to RDBMS instance

Rebalancing
Summary
 EST_MINUTES column of V$ASM_OPERATION is reasonably accurate
 Allow a few minutes for SAN cache to stabilize
 Check regularly for changes to estimate
 ASM rebalance operations do not affect workload

 Locks are only taken briefly
 Lock mechanism has changed in Oracle 11.1
 SAN cache and I/O performance will be affected
 In Oracle 10.2 rebalancing is fastest if

 Other ASM instances are shutdown
 RDBMS instance is shutdown
 Estimated completion time will be affected by:

 Use of SAN cache and I/O by rest of workload
 Rate of change by applications to blocks in ASM files being rebalanced

Redundancy

Redundancy
 ASM Supports three levels of redundancy
 External Redundancy
 Implemented externally using storage layer
 Most common configuration in production
 Normal Redundancy
 Two copies of each extent maintained in separate failure groups
 Used with extended clusters
 Used occasionally in production e.g. CERN
 Increases CPU overhead on servers
 High Redundancy
 Three copies of each extent maintained in separate failure groups
 Very rare in production

ASM Failure Groups - External Redundancy
Disk Group

ASM Failure Groups - Normal Redundancy
Disk Group
Failure Group 1 FailureGroup 2
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5 Disk 6

ASM Failure Groups - High Redundancy
Disk Group
Failure Group 1 Failure Group 2 Failure Group 3
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 1 Disk 2

Normal Redundancy
1 Disk Per Failure Group
Failure Group 1 Failure Group 2
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
Disk 0 Disk 1
Metadata Primary Secondary
Data Primary Secondary

Normal Redundancy
2 Disks per Failure Group
Failure Group 1 Failure Group 2
0 1 0 1
3 2 3 2
4 5 4 5
7 6 7 6
0 1 0 1
3 2 3 2
4 5 4 5
7 6 7 6
8 9 8 9
11 10 11 10
12 13 12 13
15 14 15 14
16 17 16 17
19 18 19 18
20 21 20 21
23 22 23 22

Metadata Primary Secondary
Data Primary Secondary

High Redundancy
1 Disk per Failure Group
Failure Group 1 Failure Group 2 Failure Group 3
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9

Metadata Primary Secondary Tertiary
Data Primary Secondary Tertiary

References
 Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle Press)
 Nitin Vengurlekar
 Murali Vallath
 Rich Long
 What ASM and ZFS Can Do For You

 Jason Arneil - Nominet
 A Closer Look Inside Oracle ASM

 Luca Canali - CERN
 Implementing ASM Without HW Raid

 Luca Canali - CERN

Thank you for listening
info@juliandyke.com

Automatic Storage Management: Julian Dyke Independent Consultant

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Automatic Storage

Web Version - December 2008

1. Understand how Oracle database files are stored in ASM

2. Calculate how long ASM rebalance operations will take

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

3 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

4 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

5 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

DBW0 VKTM PSP0 MMAN RBAL

LGWR Fixed Area GMON

PMON ASM Cache DIA0

6 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

ASM ASM ASM ASM

RDBMS RDBMS RDBMS RDBMS

Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4

7 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

CLUSTERWARE Clusterware CLUSTERWARE

+ASM1 ASM +ASM2

PROD1 TEST1 RDBMS PROD2 TEST2

8 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

DBW0 VKTM PSP0 MMAN RBAL

LGWR Fixed Area GMON

SMON Variable Area DIAG

MARK ASM Cache KATE

9 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Disk Disk Disk

Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 5 Disk 3

Disk 4 Disk 6 Disk 7

11 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Disk Disk Disk

Disk 1 Disk 4 Disk 2 Disk 5 Disk 6 Disk 7 Disk 3

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Disk Disk Disk

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Column Name Description

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Metadata allocation units are divided into blocks

Disk Directory Allocation

Alias Directory Metadata

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

File# AU Description # AUs

 Active Change Directory

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Type Description Type Description

1 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

[oracle@server3 ~]$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/kfed -h

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

SELECT path FROM v$asm_disk

for (( f = 12544 ; f < 12544 + 256 ; f++ ))

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup1

 Dropping a disk group:

DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup1

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

2 © 2008 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 4