NUTRITION AND IMMUNE

Diah Krisnansari
IMMUNE SYSTEM
 Immune = ‘immunis’ (Latin) = exempt from duties or
taxes
 Immune system = comprised of cells and proteins,
and tissues that support them, that react with
molecular structures that pose a threat to the
integrity of the host
 Immunity = a defense system

 Protects body from infectious agents and toxins

 Enables the body to repair damaged cells

 Rids the body of worn-out cells

IMMUNE SYSTEM

 Humans: > 1560 genes (= 7% of the genome)

contribute to the immune defense Barrier functions
of the epithelia, innate and
adaptive immune responses, ontological development
of the immune system

 Immune system is part of the host sensory

capabilities = specialized in sensing noxious threats
from foreign molecular structures
NUTRITION AND THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
 • Malnutrition weakens immune system
 • First line of defense (skin, mucous, cells of GI

tract) break-down allowing more antigens to

invade inside the body
 • Insufficient protein intake  decreases
immune cell number
 • When T-cell number decreases  regulatory
Tcells
 Nutrition and the Immune System

Nutrition interact with animal immune system

(Pring and Ahmed,1993)
Micronutrients (Minerals and Vitamins)
Minerals Zn, Cu,Cr.Se,Mn, Fe,Co
Vitamins like E,beta carotene and vitamin
A,Vitamin C
 Stress condition
The requirement of micronutrient for optimal
immune response is greater than the amount
required for growth and reproduction
(Harmon,1994; Scaletti,1992)
 IMMUNITY

Immunity refers to,reactions by an animal body to

foreign substances such as microbes and various
macro molecules ( Abbas et al.,1991)

Immune system

A collection of cells and molecules that protect

the body against infection, malignancy and
damaged cells ( Abbas et al., 1991)
 IMMUNITY

INNATE ACQUIRED
•Physical and chemical barriers
•Phagocytes Specific towards
(Neutrophils & Macrophages) particular antigen and
-Inflammatory process. enhanced with repeated
Non spesific exposure
 ACQUIRED IMMUNNE
RESPONSE

HUMORAL CELL MEDIATED

•Mediated by
•Mediated by
B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes

(Galyean et al.,1999)
 B lymphocytes

• Mature in bone marrow

•Antigen binding receptor in their membrane

B cells

Memory cells Plasma cells

(Chew,1996)
 T lymphocytes

•Mature in thymus gland

•Function to;
Killing infected cells.
Stimulate microbial and cytotoxic activity of immune effecter cells
•T cell membrane receptor.
• Membrane protein Major Histo Compatibility (MHC) molecule.
•Three types of subpopulation
T helper cells (Th cells)
T cyto toxic cells (Tc)
T suppressor cells (Ts)
•T helper cells
Secrete growth factor –cytokines.
Having membrane glycoprotein CD4
(Chew, 1996)
CENTRAL ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
 Skin
 • Physical barrier
 • Glands secrete chemicals that can destroy microbes
 Mucous Membranes
 • Mucous contains chemicals and enzymes that destroy
invading organisms
 • Traps microbes
 GI Tract
 • Stomach acid destroys microbes
 • Villi along lining keep invaders out
 Lymph Tissue (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix)
 • Houses lymphocytes (cells of immune system)
Cells of the immune system

• B cells

• T cells

• NK cells

• Monocytes/macrophages

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils
(Chew,1996)
FUNGSI IMUN

 1. Pertahanan  infeksi
 2. Homeostasis  dead cells

 3. Monitoring  mutagenic cells

PARAMETER IMUNOLOGI

 1. Serum albumin
 2. Serum transferin

 3. Nitrogen balance
DISFUNGSI SISTEM IMUN

 1. Re Infeksi
 2. Autoimun, penyakit degeneratif

 3. Keganasan

 4. Alergi
IMUNOSUPRESAN
 1. Steroid
 2. Cyclosporin

 3. Azathioprine

 4. Globulin antilimfosit

 5. Biological imuno supp

 6. Other imun suppresant

 Nutrisi (makro & mikro nutrien) merupakan

faktor utama sistem imun
KARBOHIDRAT
 CHO : jika berlebih akan mempengaruhi
kemotaksis, phagositosis, gangguan komplemen

LEMAK
 PUFA : phagositosis, survival bakteri gram
negatif
 MCT : antioksidan

 Omega 3, omega 6
PROTEIN

 - Imuni competent
 - Integritas organ

 - Penyembuhan luka
MODULASI IMUN
 1. Arginin :
- T Helper > (CD 4)
- T Lymphocyte activation
- Nitrogen balance
- 1,5 – 6 gr/hr
- Lysisne defisiensi, diare
- Azotermia (renal dysfunction)
- Wound healing
ARGININ
 Selama stress, arginin dapat menekan
metabolisme protein dan pelepasan hormon
Norepinefrin dan Epinefrin
 Kontra indikasi :

- Hipoperfusi spchlanicus
- Sepsis
- Systemic Inflamatory sistem
GLUTAMIN
 Macrofage & mukosa
 12 – 18 gr/hr, ICU : 18 – 24 gr/hr

 Meningkatkan glutathione synthesis

 Antioksidan

 Bersama Se dan Cystein

PURINES & PYRIMIDINE
 1. Sintesis DNA & RNA (limfosit, makrofage dll)
 2. Mediator cyclic adenosine mono phosphate
(cAMP)
 3. Coenzim sintesis glikogen dan glikoprotein
(NAD, FAD, Coenzym A
MINERAL
 1. Zinc
Zinc is component of numerous enzymes
- Super oxide dismutase (SOD)
- RNA Polymerase
- DNA polymerase
- Ribonulease
- Thymidine kinase

- Meningkatkan penggunaan asam amino dan jumlah sel imun

- Replikasi sel
- Aktivasi limfosit
- Antioksidan
- 220 mg ZnSO4
Zinc..

Zinc influences host defence mechanisam via:

• Phagocytic activity
• Cell mediated immunity
• Humoral immunity
Phagocytic activity
Zinc enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages
and neutrophils (Babior, 1978)

Phagocytic activity through respiratory burst

( McCord & Fridovich,1969 ; Chew, 1996)

Increase release of vasoactive amines by basophils

Zinc..

Cell mediated immunity;

Enhances T cell mediated immunity
Zinc is a cofactor for thymic hormone thymulin

Thymulin deficiency

Impaired T lymphocyte
proliferation

Impaired T lymphocyte function

Humoral immunity:
(Bach,1983)
Increases antibody production
Copper..

Copper immune mechanism

Copper is component of
•Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
•Ceruloplasmin.
•Modulate inflammatory response by phagocytosis

Phagocytic activity
Neutrophils
Monocyte
Copper..

Cell mediated immunity

•Mainly through T-lymphocytes (Th,Tc) by
cytokine production
• inhibit viral replication
•Interlukin production
B cell maturation
NK cell activity
Chemo tactic attraction
Tumour necrosis factor 
•Act on tumor cell-kill it.
 CHROMIUM

Component of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF).

* Potenciate the insulin activity (Cheng and Mowat,1999)
* Facilitate interaction between insulin and insulin receptor in
target tissue.
* Reduces cortisol level in stress.
Cont.. In stress

Increased cortisol
in blood

Antagonist the
insulin action

Prevents glucose uptake

by insulin receptor

Prevent entry of glucose

to vital tissue

Immune system
under stress.
(Orth,1992)
 SELENIUM

Antioksidan
Membunuh mikroba respiratory
Modulasi limfosit, sel K, metabolisme eicosapentanoid
 CUPRUM

Humoral Response:
•Increases antibody production
•Ab production decreased in Cu deficient diet
(Gengelbech and spears, 1998)

Maturasi kolagen
 IRON

NK
Def : menurunkan fungsi sel T, sel B.
monosit.
macrofage
neutropil
 Vitamins

•Act as natural antioxidant

•Includes Beta carotene and vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin C
•Protect tissue against damage caused by free radicals.
•Free radicals are,
- Generated in normal cellular metabolism
- React with enzymes, DNA and damage the tissue
- Common free radicals are super oxide, hydrogen
peroxide, hydroxyl radical, fatty acid radical
 Antioxidant system of mammalian cells
Component location Nutrient function
involved

Superoxide cytosol Cu,Zn,Mn An enzyme that converts super

dismutase oxide to hydrogen peroxide

Glutathione cytosol Se An enzyme that converts

peroxidase hydrogen peroxide to water

Catalase cytosol Fe An enzyme that converts

Hydrogen peroxide to water

Alpha tocopherol membrane Vitamin E Break fatty acid peroxidation

chain reaction

Carotene membrane Carotene Prevents initiation of fatty acid

peroxidation chain reactions

Smith et al.,1984
Role of antioxidant on
immunity

Miller and Slebodzinska,1993

VITAMIN
 1. Vit A, B6, C dan E imun sistem
Vit A : NK cells, Neutropils, mucosal imunity, T
limfosit, monosit, macrofage, B limfosit,
haemopesis
 2. Thiamin, pyridoksin, asam folat, B12 dan C 
sintesis protein & penyembuhan luka
 Beta carotene

•Act as an antioxidant
Beta carotene:
•Enhances phagocytic activity of neutrophils-
myloperoxidase enzyme
•Enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages –
peroxidase.
•Increases lymphocyte toxicity
 Vitamin E and Selenium

Vitamin E
• Vit E reduces harmful lipid free radicals.
• Enhances phagocytic activity of neutrophils,
macrophages and NK cells. (Miller,1993)

• It is major antioxidant in the blood.

Selenium
•Biochemical role through glutathione
peroxide
•Enhance neutrophil function
CONCLITION
Imunitas
reaksi tubuh thd masuknya substansi asing
Respon imun
kumpulan respon thd substansi asing yg terkoordinasi
Sistem imun
sel & molekul yg bertanggung jawab dlm imunitas
Imunologi : ( modern )
experimental science
Cont…

Vitamin E and Selenium

• Both vitamin E and Se influences the

function of immune cells especially in
mammary gland immunity

•Cows are immuno suppressed when

plasma concentration of vitamin E and
Se is low (Grasso et al., 1990)
 CONCLUSION

•Zinc and copper enhances cell & humoral mediated immunity

•Chromium stimulate immune response in stress conditions
•Vitamin E and Se stimulate immunity against intra mammary
infection
•Beta carotene enhances both cell mediated and humoral
response
CONCLUTION
 Nutrients
 • Vitamin A – needed to make healthy skin, mucous &
lymphocytes; deficiency can alter response of antibodies to
antigens and cytokine responses
 • Vitamin E – needed for phagocytosis, antibody production,
lymphocyte responses
 • Vitamin C – may decrease duration of virus symptoms
 • Vitamin B6 – antibody production, lymphocyte responses
 • Zinc – T-cell production, lymphocyte responses,
resistance to infection