Over Excitation:

Over Excitation can occur under no load and on load conditions.

Over Excitation depends on the flux flow in the transformer core.

As
Flux  Voltage
Flux  (Frequecy)-1
 Flux 
Voltage Volts
Frequency Hertz

Whenever

transformer’s
Volts (P.U)
> Rated transformer’s
Volts (P.U)
Over Excitation
Hertz Hertz

Under Over Excitation condition excessive flux saturates core causing

high Eddy current losses in core and adjacent conducting material.

May result in thermal damage to core due to excessively high flux in

magnetic circuits.

1
Over Excitation protection:
Instantaneous tripping is undesirable for Over Excitation. As system
may get overexcited momentary due to some momentary disturbance.

Momentary system disturbances are those which can be borne safely,

and within a very short specific time system restores its normal
conditions.

Over Excitation protection is time dependent function.

For each transformer there exists an “Over Excitation curve”.

“Over Excitation curve” defines over excitation characteristics of a particular

transformer versus time.

Overfluxing protection relay follow “Over Excitation curve” to protect

transformer from over excitation.

2
Over Excitation protection: (Cont)
Over Excitation curve:
Every transformer possesses its own excitation curve.
It follows Inverse time characteristics and definite time characteristics.

Below is the Over Excitation curve of a typical 230/69kV substation transformer.

Over Excitation Curve

70
60
50
40
(Sec)
Time

Danger zone
30

20
10

0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Percentage Over Excitation

Transformer Over Excitation curve

3
Over Excitation: (Cont)
Basic concept:
ip(t) is(t)

+ +
Vp(t)= 132kV Vs(t)= 11kV
f= 50
35 Hz f= 50
35 Hz
- -

Due to some external fault, transformer’s operating frequency falls

Consider
down toIf35Hz.
transformer
Due tothe above
will
which not transformer
be
Flux isolated
inside under
thefrom
core normal
supply
has within
been exceeded.
A relayone operation
connected at and
the having
primaryrating as transformer
side of follows through VT
or two minutes
having ratio132/√3
24 MVAwill read the information as follows.
“ A transformer
132 kV / blast
63.5/√3
 50 Hz
11 kV can occurOver Excitation
”. Over Excitation will occur
Fault
Undercondition
normal Operation
3-phase “ If transformer’s
Volts [V/Hz] exceeds
transformer’s
Rated
Volts
FOA
=
63.5V
= 1.81 >Rated
1.27 V/Hz transformer’s
Hertz
rated
= 1.27[V/Hz]
V/Hz ”. i.e;
Hertz 35Hz
50Hz 1.27 V/Hz.
4
Over Excitation Relay:
Over Excitation relay follows the same transformer curve.
Over Excitation relay tripping should be well coordinated with transformer’s
over excitation curve.
Over Excitation Curve

70

60

50
time(Sec)

40

30

20

10

0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Percentage Over Excitation

Relay Over Excitation curve

5
Over Excitation
Vp(t)= 132kV Vp(t)= 11kV
Solution: f= 50
35 Hz f= 35
50 Hz
Breaker Breaker

Due to some external fault,

132kV/√3
transformer’s operating
63.5V/√3 frequency falls down to
35Hz. Because of which Flux
Timer inside the core has been
24 OverFluxing Protection exceeded.
1Sec

Overfluxing relay connected

If Fault pursuitsatafter
the primary
the timer side of transformer
through VT having ratio 132kV/√3 will read the information as
expiration.
follows. 63.5V/√3 Based on the %age excitation Relay
Under “ Relay sends tripping signals to the a timer.
initiates
Normalfault condition
Operating condition
associated breakers causingTimer’s
transformer
value is selected from relay’s
transformer’s Volts
transformer’s isolation
Volts 63.5V
63.5V
== from the system”
1.81
== 1.27 V/Hz.over excitation curve.
V/Hz
Hertz
Hertz 35Hz
50Hz
In case of 1.428 %age excitation, relay
Percentage Excitation= 1.428
initiates a timer for 1.0 seconds.

6
Over Excitation Solution: (Cont)
An Over flux relay tripping should be well coordinated with transformer’s
over excitation characteristics.

Over Excitation

70
60 Time from transformer curve
50 Relay Time to initiate Trip
Time(Sec)

40
30 Danger zone
20
10
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Percentage Excitation