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Arman Cingoz
11/3/04
Outline
• Sagnac Effect
• Passive Ring Resonator Gyro (Fiber Gyro)
• Active Ring Resonator (Laser Gyro)
• Applications
• Future
Sagnac Effect
• First experiments concerning light propagation in rotating media
were carried out by F. Harress in 1911.
• George Sagnac published his results in 1913 and is credited with
the effect since Harress made numerous errors in interpretation of
his experiment
• A thought experiment:
2R
ct 2R Rt t
c R
2R
ct 2R Rt t
c R
4R 2
L c(t t )
c
L 8
2 A
c
Sagnac Effect continued
• A more realistic situation is an N sided regular polygon:
L ( MoM1' MoM 1) cos
( MoM1' MoM 1) R
MoM1' M oM 1 L
c c c
L 2 A
L R cos
c c
2 A 4 Aenc
L 2
c c
L 8A
2
c
8 1
A , A r dr
c 2
Sagnac effect continued
• Let us put in some numbers:
d=10 cm, A = 45 cm2, = 633 nm,
= 15 deg/hr =7.3*10-5 rad/s
= 4.2*10-8 rad
2LD
L ND
c
I Io(1 cos( ))
Fiber Gyro Continued
• The dynamic range of the device is easily configurable using the
length and the diameter of the fiber loop.
c
2 LD
• For example,
= 850 nm, L = 1 km, D = 10 cm = 73 deg/s
For 1m rad sensitivity m 0.084 deg/h
• For example,
= 850 nm, L = 100 m, D = 3 cm = 2400 deg/s
For 1m rad sensitivity m 2.8 deg/h
Sources of Noise
• Fundamental Limitations
Sensitivity is limited by shot noise that goes as the square root of
the power.
P Po e L
However, the Sagnac effect increases with the length of the fiber.
These two competing effects set the length of the fiber for a given
sensitivity.
Wind the coil such that equidistant points from fiber center are
physically close to each other.
Sources of Noise
• Polarization and Birefringence
Single mode fibers permit transmission of two orthogonal
polarizations
I Io(1 cos(2 nt ))
• d=10 cm, A = 45 cm2, = 633 nm, = 15 deg/hr =7.3*10-5 rad/s
n = 7 Hz
Sources of Errors
• Null Shift
The beat frequency is nonzero even when =0
S
For S<b, there is a stable solution where arcsin( )
b
Dead spaces can be made very small since by choosing /w large
2w r
J ( ) ( ) cos( 4)
1 / 2
r w w 2
Canterbury Laser Gyro
• Currently CII is world’s largest laser
gyro with approximate area of 1m2
• Made out of one solid piece of
Zerodur using HeNe as the active
lasing medium
• Sensitivity of 10-7 Earth rotations
over many hours: 10-8 rad/s/Hz-1/2
• Can detect 12 mHz oscillations in
the earth’s rotation axis due to the
moon (60 cm daily motion at the
poles)
• Currently designing a 367 m2 gyro
with estimated sensitivity of
10-10 rad/s/Hz-1/2
Applications
• Navigation
• Geophysics
• Relativity
• Symmetry testing
• Quantum Field Theory
Atomic Gyro
• For matter waves, the phase shift equation is modified as,
4A 4MA
v h