Biosintesis Vitamin A

(Shete dan Quadro, 2013)

 Sumber Vitamin A
• Cantaloupe
• Carrots
• Dairy product
• Eggs
• Fortiffied cereals
• Green leavy (eg. Spinach, broccoli)
• Pumpkin
• Red peppers
• Sweet potatoes
Biosintesis Vitamin D

(Mccormick, 2005)
 Sumber Vitamin D
• Eggs
• Fish (e.g., herring, mackerel, salmon, trout, and tuna)
• Fish liver oil
• Fortified cereals
• Fortified dairy products
• Fortified margarine
• Fortified orange juice
• Fortified soy beverages (soymilk)
Biosintesis Vitamin E

(Hofius dan Sonnewald, 2003)

 Sumber Vitamin E
• Fortified cereals and juices
• Green vegetables (e.g., spinach and broccoli)
• Nuts and seeds
• Peanuts and peanut butter
• Vegetable oils
Biosintesis Vitamin K

(Bentley dan Meganathan, 1982)

 Sumber Vitamin K
• Green vegetables (e.g., broccoli, kale, spinach,
turnip greens, collards, swiss chard, mustard
greens)
Biosintesis
vitamin B1

(Roje, 2007)
 Sumber Vitamin B1
• Beans and peas
• Enriched grain products (e.g., bread, cereal, pasta, rice)
• Nuts
• Pork
• Sunflower seeds
• Whole grains
Biosintesis Vitamin B2

(Bacher dkk., 2000)

 Sumber Vitamin B2
• Eggs
• Enriched grain products (e.g., bread, cereal, pasta, rice)
• Meats
• Milk
• Mushrooms
• Poultry
• Seafood (e.g., oysters)
• Spinach
Biosintesis
Vitamin B3

(Roje, 2007)
 Sumber Vitamin B3
• Beans
• Beef
• Enriched grain products (e.g., bread, cereal, pasta, rice)
• Nuts
• Pork
• Poultry
• Seafood
• Whole grains
Biosintesis Vitamin B5

(Roje, 2007)
 Sumber Vitamin B5
• Avocados
• Beans and peas
• Broccoli
• Eggs
• Milk
• Mushrooms
• Poultry
• Seafood
• Sweet potatoes
• Whole grains
• Yogurt
Biosintesis Vitamin B6

(Fitzpatrick dkk., 2007)

 Sumber Vitamin B6
• Chickpeas
• Fruits (other than citrus)
• Potatoes
• Salmon
• Tuna
Biosintesis Vitamin B8

(Roje, 2007)
 Sumber Vitamin B8
• Avocados
• Cauliflower
• Eggs
• Fruits (e.g., raspberries)
• Liver
• Pork
• Salmon
• Whole grains
Biosinthesis
Vitamin B9

(Roje, 2007)
 Sumber Vitamin B9
• Asparagus
• Avocado
• Beans and peas
• Enriched grain products (e.g., bread, cereal, pasta,
rice)
• Green leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach)
• Orange juice
Biosintesis Vitamin B12

(Moore dan Warren, 2012)

 Sumber Vitamin B12
• Dairy products
• Eggs
• Fortified cereals
• Meats
• Poultry
• Seafood (e.g., clams, trout, salmon, haddock, tuna)
Biosisntesis Vitamin C

(Figueroa-Méndez dan Rivas-Arancibia, 2015)

 Sumber Vitamin C
• Broccoli
• Brussels sprouts
• Cantaloupe
• Citrus fruits and juices (e.g., oranges and grapefruit)
• Kiwifruit
• Peppers
• Strawberries

• Tomatoes and tomato juice

 Sumber Mineral yang Diperlukan Tubuh

1. Ca (Kalsium)
• Almond, rice, coconut, and hemp milks
• Canned seafood with bones (e.g., salmon and sardines)
• Dairy products
• Fortified cereals and juices
• Fortified soy beverages (soymilk)
• Green vegetables (e.g., spinach, kale, broccoli, turnip greens)
• Tofu (made with calcium sulfate)
 Sumber Mineral yang Diperlukan Tubuh
2. K (Kalium)
• Bananas
• Beet greens
• Juices (e.g., carrot, pomegranate, prune, orange, and tomato)
• Milk
• Oranges and orange juice
• Potatoes and sweet potatoes
• Prunes and prune juice
• Spinach
• Tomatoes and tomato products
• White beans
• Yogurt
 Sumber Mineral yang Diperlukan Tubuh
3. Mg (Magnesium)
• Avocados
• Bananas
• Beans and peas
• Dairy products
• Green leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach)
• Nuts and pumpkin seeds
• Potatoes
• Raisins
• Wheat bran
• Whole grains
 Sumber Mineral yang Diperlukan Tubuh

4. P (Fosfor)
• Beans and peas
• Dairy products
• Meats
• Nuts and seeds
• Poultry
• Seafood
• Whole grain, enriched, and fortified cereals and breads
 Sumber Mineral yang Diperlukan Tubuh
5. Cl (Chlorida)
• Celery
• Lettuce
• Olives
• Rye
• Salt substitutes
• Seaweeds (e.g., dulse and kelp)
• Table salt and sea salt
• Tomatoes
 Sumber Mineral yang Diperlukan Tubuh

5. Fe (besi)
• Beans and peas
• Dark green vegetables
• Meats
• Poultry
• Prunes and prune juice
• Raisins
• Seafood
• Whole grain, enriched, and fortified cereals and breads
 Sumber Mineral yang Diperlukan Tubuh

6. I (yodium)
• Breads and cereals
• Dairy products
• Iodized salt
• Potatoes
• Seafood
• Seaweed
• Turkey
 Daftar Pustaka
• Bacher, A., S. Eberhardt, M. Fischer, K. Kis, dan K. Richter. 2000. Biosynthesis of vitamin b2
(riboflavin). Annual Review Nutrition. 20:153–167.
• Bentley, R. dan R. Meganathan. 1982. Biosynthesis of vitamin k (menaquinone) in bacteria.
Microbiological Reviews. 46(3):241–280.
• Figueroa-Méndez, R. dan S. Rivas-Arancibia. 2015. Vitamin c in health and disease: its role in the
metabolism of cells and redox state in the brain. Frontiers in Physiology. 6(DEC):1–11.
• Fitzpatrick, T. B., N. Amrhein, B. Kappes, P. Macheroux, I. Tews, dan T. Raschle. 2007. Two
independent routes of de novo vitamin b6 biosynthesis: not that different after all. The Biochemical
Journal. 407(1):1–13.
• Hofius, D. dan U. Sonnewald. 2003. Vitamin e biosynthesis: biochemistry meets cell biology. Trends
in Plant Science. 8(1):6–8.
• Mccormick, D. B. 2005. Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , 2nd
Edition. Edisi 2nd. Atlanta.
• Moore, S. J. dan M. J. Warren. 2012. The anaerobic biosynthesis of vitamin b 12. Biochemical Society
Transactions. 40(3):581–586.
• Roje, S. 2007. Vitamin b biosynthesis in plants. Phytochemistry. 68(14):1904–1921.
• Shete, V. dan L. Quadro. 2013. Mammalian metabolism of β-carotene: gaps in knowledge.
Nutrients. 5(12):4849–4868.