FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE NORMS

AND CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY AISSCE-2018

SUBMITTED TO MR. SANJEEB KUMAR SAHOO

I wish to express my deep gratitude and
sincere thanks to our chemistry teacher Mr.
Sanjeeb Ku. Sahoo for his invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement, constructive
comments, sympathetic attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at
all stages of this project work. His valuable
advice and suggestions for the corrections,
modifications and improvement did enhance
the perfection in performing my job well. I
would like to express my gratitude to my
parents for whole hearted co-operation and
guidance. I am also thankful to our lab
assistant Mr. Prafulla Kar for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he
provided for this project work. I sincerely
appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into
their fold for which I shall remain indebted to
them.
I hereby declare that the project work
entitled “DYEING OF FABRICS”
submitted to DAV Public School
Pokhariput, BBSR is a record of original
work done by me under the guidance of
Mr. Sanjeeb Ku. Sahoo.

SIGNATURE OF TEACHER

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
This is to certify that Pratyasha
Priyadarshini a student of class-XII B has
successfully completed the research project
on the topic “DYEING OF FABRICS” under
the guidance of Mr. Sanjeeb Ku. Sahoo
{PGT CHEMISTRY}.This project is
completely genuine and does not involve in
plagiarism of any kind. The references taken
in making this project have been declared at
the end of this project.

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER

SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL EXAM INER

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
SL.
PARTICULARS PAGE
NO.
01 COVERPAGE 1
02 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
03 DECLARATION 3
04 CERTIFICATE 4
05 CONTENTS 5
06 INTRODUCTION 6 - 10
07 OBJECTIVE 11
REQUIREMENTS, CHEMICALS
08 11
REQUIRED
09 PROCEDURE 11 - 13
10 OBSERVATIONS 13 - 14
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
• Dyes are colored substances which can adhere
to the surface of materials and are used to give
color to paper, food-stuffs, and various textiles
such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres, silk etc.
For example, alizarin, indigo, congo red, etc.
• Chemically, a dye contains:
1. Some group (such as azo, indigoid, triphenyl
methyl, anthraquinone etc.) which is
responsible for the color of the dye.
2. Some group (such as -NH2, -SO3H, -COOH etc)
which makes the dye stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt.
• Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile
products like fibres, yarn and fabrics. The
temperature and time controlling are two key
factors in dyeing.
•The primary source of dye, historically has been
nature, with the dyes being extracted from
plants and animals.
• Since the 18th century, humans produced
artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of
colors and to render the dyes more stable to
resist washing and general use.
• The dyed fabrics appear to be colored because
a particular dye absorbs radiations of some
specific wavelengths from the visible region of
electromagnetic radiations which fall on its
surface.
• The remaining radiations (complementary
colors) of light are reflected. The color which we
observe is due to the reflected light.
• For example, if a dye absorbs the light in the
wavelength region corresponding to red, then it
would appear green, which is the
complementary color of red. Similarly, if a dye
absorbs blue color, it would appear orange.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE:
I. It must have a suitable color.
II. It must be capable of being fixed to the
material.
III. When fixed it must be fast to detergents,
soaps, water, dry-cleaning solvents, light
and dilute acids.
TYPES OF DYE :
The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers for
marketing into the following types:
 ACID DYES: These are azo dyes and are
characterized by the presence of acidic groups.
The presence of acidic groups makes the dyes
more soluble and serves as the reactive points
for fixing the dye to the fibre. They are chiefly
used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon.
For example, Orange I and Orange II.
 BASIC DYES: These dyes contain NH2 or NR2.
In acidic solutions, these form water soluble
cations and use the anionic sites on the fabric to
get themselves attached. They are used for
dyeing wool, silk and nylon.
For example, aniline yellow, butter yellow.
 DIRECT DYES: These are also azo dyes and
are used to dye fabrics directly by placing in
aqueous solution of the dye. These dyes attach
to the fabrics by means of hydrogen bonding.
 DISPERSE DYES: These dyes are applied in
the form of dispersion of minute particles of the
dye in a soap solution in the presence of phenol
or benzoic acid. These dyes are used to dye
rayon, dacron, nylon, polyesters etc.
For example, celliton fast pink B and celliton fast blue
B.
 FIBRE REACTIVE DYES: These dyes are
linked to the fibre by –OH or –NH2 group
present on the fibre. These dyes induce fast
color on fabrics which is retained for a longer
time. These dyes are used for dyeing cotton,
wool and silk.
 INSOLUBLE DYES: These dyes are directly
synthesized on the fibre. The fabric to be
colored is soaked in an alkaline solution of
phenol and then treated with a solution of
diazotized amine to produce azo dye. The color
induced by such dyes is not fast. These dyes are
used for dyeing of cotton, silk, polyester nylon,
etc.
For example, nitroaniline red.
VAT DYES: These dyes are water-insoluble
and before dyeing these are reduced to colorless
compounds in wooden vats by alkaline reducing
agents. The fibre is then soaked in the solution
of the dye. Fibre is then exposed to air or an
oxidizing agent. By doing so the colorless
compound gets reoxidized to colored dye on the
fabric.
For example, indigo.
MORDANT DYES: These dyes are applied
after treating the fabric with precipitates of
certain substances (mordant material) which
then combines with the dye to form a colored
complex called lake. Some of the mordants are
salts of aluminium, iron and tannic acids. Depending
on the mordant used, the same mordant dye can
give different colors and shades. Mordant dyes
are used for dyeing of wool, silk and cotton.
For example, alizarin gives red color with
aluminium and black violet with iron mordant.
To dye wool and cotton with malachite green.

500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass

rod, spatula, wool cloth and cotton cloth.

Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic acid,

and malachite green dye.

1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:

Take about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate
and dissolve it in 250 ml of water.
2. Preparation of tartaremetic solution: Take
about 0.2 g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in
100 ml of water by stirring with the help of
glass rod.
3. Preparation of tannic acid solution: Take
100 ml of water in a beaker and add about 1.0
g of tannic acid to it. Heat the solution. On
heating a clear solution of tannic acid is
obtained.
4. Preparation of dye solution: Take about 0.1
g of malachite green dye and add to it 4oo ml
of water. On warming a clear solution of the
dye results.
5. Dyeing of wool: Take about 200 ml of dye
solution and dip it in the woolen cloth to be
dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes.
After that remove the cloth and wash it with
hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
6. Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not absorb
malachite green readily, therefore it requires
the use of a mordant. For dyeing a cotton
cloth dip it in sodium carbonate solution for
about 10 minutes and then rinse with water.
Then put the cloth in hot tannic acid
solution for about 5 minutes.
 Now take out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in tartaremetic solution
for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and
squeeze it with spatula to remove most of
the solution. Now place the cloth in boiling
solution of the dye for about 2 minutes.
Remove and wash the dyed cloth thoroughly
with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
7. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another
piece of cotton cloth and pit it directly into
boiling solution of the dye. Keep it dipped
for about 2 minutes. Remove the cloth, wash
with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
8. Compare the color of this cloth with that of
dyed by using mordant.

1) The color of wool cloth dyed directly by

dipping in hot solution of malachite green
dye is fast.
2) The color of cotton dyed cloth directly
(without using mordant) by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is not fast to
washing and is of low intensity.
3) The color of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by
using mordant and then by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is fast to
washing and is of high intensity.
• Comprehensive practical chemistry (class 12)
• www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing
•www.scribd.com