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harks are literally covered in sense organs. ver the last
two decades researches have found chemical receptor cells
embedded inside sharks teeth in their throats, around the
heads and in pore-like openings on the skin. With no fewer
than four separate sensory systems to detect chemicals in the
water, sharks are able to detect amino acids in concentrations
as low as one part per billion. Past researches have
directional hearing, and although they cannot hear notes much
above middle C, they can hear sounds below the threshold of
human hearing.
But perhaps the most astounding possessed by shares is their
ability to sense electric fields. harks, kates and rays a
group of closely related fishes collectively known as
elasmobranchs-can detect fields so weak they cannot be
measured by standard laboratory equipment. Kll live organisms
immersed in water, have a weak bioelectric filed, a current
generated between biological membranes and the surrounding
water.
?lasmobranch fishes use skates, and rays sensing and
interpreting the much larger voltage potentials created by
salt-water currents moving through the earth's magnetic field,
use this information to navigate.
ow it appears that electro reception may also play a key role
in the mating systems of sharks and the one thousand other
fishes in the same taxonomic group.
The females use electro reception for some sort of social
cues. Receptive females may be advertising their availability
by congregating in large, highly visible unburied piles; but
unreceptive females, perhaps, already pregnant, may use
electro reception to locate other buried females to hide from
amorous males in buried aggregation. harks and rays might
purposely send different messages to one another. Field
strength intensified when the fishes open their mouths.
Literally, "having breathing" could enhance a female's
attraction.
Wait 1 minute
The author refers to the shark's reputation as a primitive
animal in order to
a) stress the evolutionary progress of the modern shark
b) question this opinion in the light of modern research
c) support an argument for the increased funding of
scientific study of the shark
d) introduce the thesis of the passage
e) indirectly support the conclusion of earlier shark
researchers
The complexity of the shark has been underestimated for which
of the following reasons? Y. sharks are a very ancient life
form YY. sharks are dangerous YYY sharks rarely live in clear
waters
a) YY only
b) Y and YY only
c) Y and YYY only
d) YY and YYY only
e) Y, YY, and YYY only
The passage compares the shark to all of the following ?XC?PT
skates
a reptile
birds
rays
a dolphin
The passage implies that, compared to other fishes, sharks are
more
a) voracious
b) prolific
c) sensitive to sound
d) intelligent
e) able to endure lower depths
Yt can be inferred from the passage that female sharks hiding
in groups form male sharks
a) could not be found if they were buried in the sand
b) could be discovered by a male using his "third eye"
c) would emit no bioelectrical signals
d) would be easier to detect by electroreception than a
female shark hiding alone.
e) would open their mouths as often as possible.
Kccording to the passage, sharks may use their
electroreception ability for all the following ?XC?PT to
a) locate prey
b) navigate
c) gather light
d) locate other sharks
e) locate breeding partners
The author of the passage employs all of the following ?XC?PT
a) personal opinion
b) questioning prior opinion
c) generalisation
d) double meaning
e) comparison
|
?conomic growth involves both benefits and costs. The
desirability of increasing production has frequency been
challenged in recent years, and some have even maintained that
economic growth is merely a quantitative enlargement that has
in human meaning or value.
However economic growth is an increase in the capacity to
produce goods and services that people want. ince the product
of economic growth can be measured by its value to someone, it
is important to ask whose standard of valuation counts.
Yn the þnited tates, the value of a product is what
purchasers pay for it. This is determined by the purchasers'
preferences combined with conditions of supply, which in turn
reflect various other factors, such as natural and
technological circumstances at any given time and the
preferences of those who supply capital and labour.
the value by which we measure a product synthesises all these
factors. Vross national product(V P) is the market value of
the nation's total output of goods and services.
Vross national product is not a perfect measure of all the
activities involved in economic output
Yt does not account for deterioration's or improvements in
environment, even when they are incidental results of the
production process. n the other hand it does not count as
"product" many benefits provided as side effects of the
economic process; it does not include productive but unpaid
work and it does not reckon with such other factors as the
burdensomeness of work, the length of the work week, and so
forth.
onetheless, the V P concept makes an important contribution
to our understanding of how the economy is working. While it
is not a complete measure of economic productivity and even
less so of "welfare,: the level and rate of increase of the
V P are clearly and positively associated with what most
people throughout the world see as an improvement in the
quality of life.
Klthough there has been much soul-searching about the role of
increasing material affluence in the good life, it seems quite
certain consequences. This does not mean that most Kmericans
prefer a rapidly growing V P and its consequences. This does
not mean that growth of the V P is an absolute that must be
furthered at all costs.
Vrowth of the V P has its costs, and beyond a certain point
they are not worth paying. Moreover, people want things that
are measured in the V P still, while human values and
conditions of life change, and might conceivably make the
social cost of a rising V P seem too high, it is likely that
we would still be considered about the growth of our nation's
V P.
Yn any case, since there is little evidence of a decline n the
value assigned to economic output as a whole, the factors that
influence our capacity to produce remain of great importance.
Yn the long run, the same factors result in a growing V P and
in other social benefits: size and competence of
population, state of knowledge, amount of capital, and the
effectiveness with which these are combined and utilised.
The main purpose of the passage is
a) define the limitation of using V P to measure the nation's
well-being
b) contrast the Kmericans and the ?uropean V P
c) argue for the value of increased economic output
d) explain the disadvantages of measuring the quality of life
using a scale of material affluence
e) define gross national product
Those who decide the value of a product are
a) V P
b) economic theorists
c) outs advertisers
d) its patent holders
e) its purchasers
The rhetorical purpose of the third paragraph of the passage
is to anticipate objections to what the V P fails to take into
account YY. cite examples of products the V P ought to include
YYY. develop the definition of paragraph two with specific
details
a) Y nly
b) YY nly
c) YYY nly
d) Y and YY nly
e) Y, YY, and YYY nly
We can infer from passage that of the following, the factor
that does not influence the growth of the V P is
a) the condition of the population
b) a dependence on spiritual values
c) a capital availability in the country
d) knowledge related to production of goods and services
e) the efficiency of the production process
K critic of the limitations of the measurements of the V P
might cite its failure to consider a;; of the following ?XC?PT
a) the steady increase in Kmerican worker's leisure time
b) co-operative baby-sitting projects among parents with
young children
c) the widespread existence of chemicals in Kmerican rivers
d) the value of the time a salaried stock broker spends on
research
e) the valuation of family household management
]
Ks it is used in the fourth paragraph of the passage, the word
"welfare" can be best defined as
a) a measure of economic productivity
b) the quality of life of the public as a whole
c) government-supported payments to the indigent
d) public payments for unpaid production work such as child
care
e) state-supported income supplements
We might assume that the author favours the containing growth
of the V P because
.
Choose the correctly spelt
quality
qaulity
qeulity
qiulity
Choose the correctly spelt incraese
increase
incriase
incruse
Choose the correctly spelt word.
serprise
sarprise
surprise
sirprise
Choose the correctly spelt word.
attention
attantion
attintion
attuntion
Choose the correctly spelt
openion
opinion
opineon
oppinon
Choose the correctly spelt
wender
winder
wonder
wunder