SAB 3122

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
AND ESTIMATING
Excavation

Dr. Chai Chang Saar

 EXCAVATION
• BULKING FACTOR
• BULKING FACTORS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

NO. TYPES OF % INCREASE IN VOLUME

SOIL
1. Sand 10%

2. Clay 20%

3. Ordinary Earth 25%

4. Rocks 50%
 EXCAVATION
Calculation for each activity. If the activities are missing,
contractor will experience loss.

EXCAVATION ACTIVITIES

•Excavation from formation level to foundation depth level.

• Excavated soil taken out.
• Dispose of excess earth from site.
• Backfilling and compaction.

LABOUR CONSTANT USED IN CALCULATION

 EXCAVATION
• 4 stages
1) Site clearance
• hedges – m
• bushes, shrubs – m2
• cutting down trees – no
2) Excavation – m3
• Supporting & strutting
• By hand
• Machinery/plant
• Rental machinery

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION WORKS
3) Bulking (disposal) – m3
• By hand
• Lorry
4) Backfilling – m3
• Excavated material
• Imported material
• Leveling with hardcore

2/27/2018
 SITE CLEARANCE
• Cutting down tress exceeding 600mm and n.e 900mm girth at
1.00m above ground level and grubbing up their roots and
filling voids left by removal of roots with material arising from
excavation – No

General worker RM40/day

Sawing machine (Rental) RM35/day
5 tonne lorry (Rental) RM300/day

Cutting down trees 5 nos/day

3 general workers to cut down trees
3 general workers to remove
Profit 20%

2/27/2018
SUPPORT & STRUTTING

Figure 1.1
Typical timbering in hard soils

Figure 1.2
Typical timbering in firm soils
 SUPPORT & STRUTTING

Figure 1.3
Typical timbering in dry loose
soils

Figure 1.4
Typical timbering in loose wet soils
 SUPPORT & STRUTTING

Assumption:

2/27/2018
 SUPPORT & STRUTTING
• Assumption:

Trench = 20.00m
Carpenter = RM 60.00
General = RM 40.00
Timber = RM 900.00/tonne (1.40 m³)
Nail = RM 4.50/kg
Nail = 0.10kg/m² of gross supporting area
Timber usage = 15 times
1 Carpenter and 1 General Worker to cut & fix in output 2.25hr/m³
1 General Worker to remove in output 2.25hr/m³
Allow 10% wastage for timber work
Allow 20% profit and overhead

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY HAND
Labour constant for excavation by hand

Description Unit General worker/ Hour

Surface excn average 150mm M2 0.35
deep
Reduce level M3 1.75
Exctn fdnt n.e 1.00m deep M3 3.50
Ditto n.e 2.00m deep M3 4.50
Trench exctn n.e 1.00m deep M3 2.75
Ditto n.e 2.00m deep M3 4.00

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY HAND
Adjustment for non-common soil excavation

Type of soil Multiplier

Sand x 0.75
Clay x 1.50
Soft rock x 3.00
Rock x 6.00

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY HANDS
Built-up rate must consists of material, machinery and labour
costs

• Material & machinery cost

– Excavation do not required material cost
– Excavation by hand, therefore no machinery cost incurred

• Labour cost
– Labour constant for trench excavation not exceeding 2.00m = 4 hours/m3

Assumption:
Build up rate for 1m3 trench excavation, starting from
reduced level, and maximum depth not exceeding 2.00m

Allow 20% Profit & overhead

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY MACHINERY
• To get the rate for excavation using machinery, have to
find out the excavator output, adjustment and excavator’s
running cost
• Excavator output
Loader (m3) Average output(m3/hr)

¼ 8
⅜ 9
½ 12
¾ 18
1 25

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY MACHINERY

Type of soil Multiplier

Sand X 1.00
Clay X 1.25
Soft rock X 1.50
Rock X 4.50

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY MACHINERY
Excavator’s running cost

Type (loader) m3) Diesel/hr (litre) Lubricator/week

(litre)
¼ 4.00 9.00

⅜ 5.00 12.00

½ 6.00 14.00

¾ 7.00 16.00

1 9.00 18.00

2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY OWN MACHINERY
 Build up rates for excavate oversite to reduce level
maximum depth not exceeding 1.00meter by using own
excavator ½ m3.

 Assumption:
Average working days = 200days
Operator = RM 50.00/day
Life-cycle = 5 years
Diesel = RM 1.70/litre
Lubricator = RM 20.00/litre
Loan interest = 10% per year
Maintenance = 10% of purchase price for whole lifecycle
Transportation to site = 5% of purchase price for whole lifecycle
Scrap Value = RM 8,000.00
Excavator purchase price = RM 150,000.00
Allow 20% Profit & overhead
2/27/2018
 EXCAVATION BY RENTAL
EXCAVATOR
 Build up rate for 1m3 trench excavation, starting from
reduced level max depth not exceeding1.00m by using
rented excavator.

• Assumption
Using a ⅜ m³ excavator
Rental RM300.00/day (inclusive mobilize to site)
Diesel RM 1.70/litre
Lubricator RM 20.00/litre
Operator = RM 50.00/day
Allow 20% Profit & overhead

2/27/2018
 DISPOSAL
• % of bulking after the excavation (disposal)

Type of soil Bulking % (increment from original

volume)
Sand 10%
Clay 20%
Common soil 25%
Topsoil 25%
Rock 50%

2/27/2018
 DISPOSAL BY HAND
• Labour output for loading, hoisting and storing – 1.50hr/m3
• Labour output for loading, hoisting, storing, spreading and
leveling – 2.00hr/m3

• Build up rate for removing 1 m3 excavated material 50.00m

distance.
Assumption :
– Excavated material = common soil, 25% bulk
– Loading, hoisting and storing only
– Allow 20% Profit & overhead

2/27/2018
 DISPOSAL BY LORRY
Lorry Loader (m3) Diesel/hr Lubricator/wk
(lt) (lt)

1 tonne 0.80 3.50 0.50

5 tonne 3.25 6.00 1.00

2/27/2018
 DISPOSAL BY LORRY
 Build up rate for removing 1m3 excavated material
and deposit in heaps 5km distance.
Assumption:
Lorry 5 tonne rental= RM 250.00/day (inclusive driver)
Speed = 30km/hr
Loading time: 10 mins
Unloading time: 5 mins
Common soil, bulking 25%
Diesel = RM 1.70/litre
Lubricator = RM 20.00/litre
Allow 20% Profit & overhead

2/27/2018
 FILLING WITH EXCAVATED
MATERIAL
 Build up rate for 1m3 filing to excavation with
material arising from excavation.

Assumption
• Labour constant 0.75 hr/m3
• 25% of compaction and wastage
• Allow 20% profit & overhead

2/27/2018
 FILLING WITH IMPORTED
MATERIAL
 Build up rate for 1m3 filling to excavation with
ordinary earth obtained off site.

Assumption:
• Imported earth = RM 15.00/m3 (inclusive delivery to site)
• 25% of compaction & wastage
• Labour constant 0.75 hr/m3
• Allow 20% Profit & overhead

2/27/2018
 Exercise
• Excavation and Dispose
• Conversion
Thank You