MT 21008

Deformation Behaviour of Materials

3-1-0

1
Difference between Crystal & Lattice

2
Difference between Crystal & Lattice

3
Unit Cell

4
Crystal system and Bravais Lattice

5
Cubic Bravais Lattice

6
 Lattice Defects

 Real crystals deviate from the perfect periodicity

 While the concept of the perfect lattice is adequate for explaining the
structure-insensitive properties of metal, it is necessary to consider
a number of types of lattice defects to explain structure-sensitive
properties

7
Different Types of Lattice Defects

Point defects

Line defects

Surface defects

Volume defects

8
 Point Defects

Number of vacant sites (n)

Vacancy

Interstitial Impurity 9
 Line Defects - Dislocations

Edge dislocation produced Atomic arrangement near

by slip in cubic system edge dislocation

10
 Deformation by slip

Schematic drawing of classical idea of slip

11
 Slip by dislocation movements

Atom movement nears Movement of an edge

Dislocation in slip dislocation

12
 Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Slip

Slip begins when the shearing stress on the slip plane in

the slip direction reaches a threshold value – called as
critical resolved shear stress (CRSS)

13
Strengthening Mechanisms

14
 Philosophy
Strengthening
technique/mechanism is
based on restricting
dislocation motion to render
a materials harder and
stronger

Consequences

Strength increases, but

(most of the time) ductility or
toughness are sacrificed
15
Various Strengthening Mechanisms

Grain
refinement

Strengthening
Mechanisms

Dispersion Fiber
hardening strengthening
16
Grain Boundary Strengthening

17
 What is grain boundary?

 Crystallographic orientation changes abruptly in passing

from one grain to the next across the grain boundary

Grain boundary is
essentially the
misorientation between
two neighbouring grain

Schematic atomic model

of a grain boundary
18
 Miller or Miller-Bravais Indices

Schematic illustration of the relationship between the crystal and

specimen axes for the (110)[001], that is, the normal to (110) is parallel
to the specimen ND, or Z axis and [001] is parallel to the specimen RD,
or X axis.

19
 Different type of grain boundary

 Based on misorientation angle ()

 Low angle grain boundary (≤15°)

 High angle grain boundary (>15°)

 Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) boundary

20
 Hall-Petch relation

i = Friction stress

k = Locking parameter

21
 Dislocation pile-up at grain boundaries

Number of dislocation piled-up

When the source is located at center

22
 Hall-Petch relation…..continues

Critical stress to slip past the barrier

Rearranging

23