BONE

Introduction
• Bone is mineralized dense connective tissue
• Made up of few cells in mineralized matrix
• Consists of 30-40 % of our body weight.
• Dynamic in nature

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 Function
• Framework of the body.
• Attachment of muscle and tendon.
• Permit the movements in body parts.
• Protection of organs.
• Haematopoiesis
• Reservoir of minerals and fat.

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 Parts of bones
• Epiphysis – secondary centers
Pressure epiphysis
Traction epiphysis
Atavistic epiphysis
• Diaphysis – primary center
Strongest part of bone

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 epiphysis

diaphysis

epiphysis

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• Metaphysis- epiphysial ends of a diaphysis
Maximum blood supply
• Epiphysial plate of cartilage- separate
epiphysis from metaphysis.
Maximum growth

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 •Medullary cavity

medullary cavity
• filled with yellow marrow in adults

• lined with endosteum

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 Blood supply
• Nutrient artery
terminates in the adult metaphysis by
anastomosing with epiphysial, metaphysial
and periosteal arteries.
Supplies medullary cavity , inner 2/3rd of
cortex and metaphysis.
• Periosteal arteries
Enter the Volkmann’s canals . Supply outer
1/3rd of cortex.
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• Epiphysial arteries
Derived from periarticular vascular
arcades(circulus vasculosus) found on th e
nonarticula bony surface.
• Metaphysial arteries
Derived from the neighbouring systemic
vessels.

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 Classification
• Regional classification
Axial skeleton- 80 bones
Appedicular skeleton-126 bones
• Microscopic classification
Compact bone
Cancellous/trabecular bone

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• Developmental classification
Membranous bones(dermal bone)
Cartilaginous bones
Membrano-cartilaginous bones

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• Bone shapes
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Pneumatic bones
Accessory bones
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 Flat bones
Sutural bones

Irregular bones

Long bones

Short bones
Sesamoid bones

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 Microscopic study

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 Bone Cells
• Osteocytes = mature bone cells
In lacunae
Connected by canaliculi
• Osteoblasts
Osteogenesis
Contain Alk phosphatase and pyrophosphatase
• Osteoclasts
Osteolysis
• Osteoprogenitor cells
 differentiate into osteoblasts

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 Compact and Spongy Bone

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 Compact and Spongy Bone
• Compact bone located where stresses are
limited in direction.

• Spongy bone located where stresses are

weaker or multi-directional.

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 Periosteum and endosteum
• Periosteum
Superficial surface of all bone except in joint
cavities.
Provide route for blood and nerve supply
Participate in bone growth and repair
Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
 perforating fibers called as Sharpey’s fibers

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• Endosteum
Lines the marrow cavity
Incomplete cellular layer
Where layer is incomplete, Osteoblasts and
osteoclasts can deposit or remove matrix
components.
Shallow groove formed by osteoclasts called
as Howship’s lacunae
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 Composition of Bone
• cellular structures in ground substance
• Ground substance made up of
Inorganic minerals and organic matrix
• Organic matrix(35%)
Collagen type 1
Glycosaminoglycans
Proteoglycans, osteonectin and osteocalcin

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• Inorganic content(65%)
 largely made up of Ca ++ , PO4--- and OH- .
• These ions arranged parallel to the direction
of collagen fibers by forming a crystalline
structure called as Hydroxyapatite .
Ca10(Po4)6(OH)2
Living bone contain 20% of water

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• Inorganic content give rigidity to the bone
• Organic content give the elasticity to the
bone.
• Lack of inorganic content- soft bone
• Lack of organic content- brittle bone

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 Intramembranous osteogenesis
• Bone formation directly from the
mesenchymal sheath( formed by collagen
fibers in between the mesenchymal cells)
• Not the common process
• Also called as dermal ossification because of
its presence in deeper layers of dermis.
• Roofing bones of skull, clavicle and mandible.

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 Intramembranous ossification
• Mesenchymal cells condensation
• Secretion of organic matrix by the
mesenchymal cells which consists of collagen
fibers. Thus forming the mesenchymal sheath.
• Localized differentiation of osteoblasts with in
sheath

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• Bone grows outward from the ossification
center in radiating fashion and forms
tabeculae.
• Trapped osteoblast in between the layer of
bone is called as osteocytes.
• Blood vessels grows and trapped in between
trabeculae.
• Initially spongy bone is formed which later
changed to the compact bone.
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 Endochondral ossification
• Most bone formed by this way
• Cartilaginous model is replaced(!!) by the
bone.
• Chondrocyte hypertrophy
• Degeneration and calcification
• Vascular invasion
• ossificaton

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 Growth at epiphysial plate
• Zone of resting cells
• Zone of proliferating
cells
• Zone of hypertrophic
cells
• Zone of calcified cells
Increase in length

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 Appositional growth
 Increased in thickness of bone.
• Occurs in bony surface.

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• Bone is the dynamic tissue so its composition
varies according to the regulating factors.
• 99% of body calcium, 80% of phosphorus and
65% of sodium and magnesium is reserved in
the bone
• Calcium is needed for many physiological
function so it is tightly regulated at normal
level (9-11mg/dl)

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 Factors affecting bone growth
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Hormones
• Exercise

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 Clinical Aspects
• Subluxation
Incomplete or partial displacement of joint
• Dislocation / Luxation
Complete displacement of joint
• Fracture
Loss of continuity of bone due to abnormal
forces or due to weakening of bone.

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• Types of fractures
Simple or Closed
Compound or Open
Comminuted
Greenstick
• Not complete
• Common in children.

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 Healing of fracture wound

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 Bone disorders
• Osteopenia
Decreased in bone mineral density(BMD)
• Osteoporosis
Loss of both bone salts and collagen content
• Osteomalacia/ Rickets
Loss of mineral content but not the collagen

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 Bone disorders
• Paget’s disease
Abnormal bone remodeling , lead to abnormal
thickening of the bone
Consequences ???
• Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone marrow
Most commonly by staphylococcus aureus

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 Bone disorders
• Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
Bone cancer that affects osteoblast

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 THANK YOU
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