from the cover. This will come much closer to the BBD. Learning Objectives • Explain the concepts of bit rate, baud rate, frequency, and bandwidth • Distinguish between digital and analog signals • Describe the purpose of a modem and define three types of modems • Define the data codes used in data communications
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Learning Objectives
• Describe how a telephone works
• Describe the structure of the telephone network • Describe the telephone numbering system in the United States
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Introduction • Data is transmitted from one point to another in data communications • Data must be in an acceptable format • Various forms of signals are used to transmit the data • Telephone system is examined in this chapter
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Signal Representation • Signal – electrical charges or pulses of light • Bit rate – Bit – smallest unit of information – Binary notation (1 or 0) or (on or off) – Data codes (ways to represent characters)
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Signal Representation • Bit rate – Byte (a character) – Bit rate (speed at which data is transmitted) – Bits per second (used to describe bit rate)
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Figure 2-1. Frequency spectrum.
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Signal Representation • Baud Rate – Baud (change in signal) – Baud rate (number of changes per second) – Voltage (+ and – charges) – Current (flow of electric charge)
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 9 Signal Representation • Baud Rate – Alternating current (AC) (electrical outlets) – Direct current (DC) (batteries) – Signals made up of more than 1 bit • Dibit (signal made up of 2 bits) • Tribit (signal made up of 3 bits) • Used for transmission of large files
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Signal Representation • Frequency – Number of times the current goes through a cycle – Hertz (Hz) (measure of frequency) – Kilohertz (kHz) (1,000) – Megahertz (MHz) (1,000,000) – Gigahertz (GHz) (1,000,000,000) – Audio frequencies (lowest frequencies) – See Table 2-1 for list of frequencies
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Signal Representation • Bandwidth – Range of frequencies – BW = High frequency - Low frequency – Example: • 2,500 Hz – 200 Hz = 2,300 Hz BW – Guardbands (prevents frequencies from interfering with each other) – Wider bandwidth means more data can be transmitted
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 13 Digital Signals Versus Analog Signals • Digital data – Discrete items (text, integers) • Analog data – Continuous data (light, voice) • Frequency modulation – Signal is changed based on the number of waves • Process control computers – Process continuous (analog) data
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 15 Digital Signals Versus Analog Signals • Modems – Convert digital to analog and analog to digital – MOdulator/DEModulator – Internal • Called a “card”, PC cards for laptops – External • Sits on the desk next to the computer • Connected by a cable
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 17 Digital Signals Versus Analog Signals • Modems – Modem speeds • 9600 to 56,000 bps • Table 2-2 shows modem costs – Data compression • Transmits fewer characters, resulting in faster transmission speeds • Example: V.42bis (32 chars. to 11 chars.) • Maximum transmission rate is called the throughput
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Digital Signals Versus Analog Signals • Modems – Always used in pairs – Internet Service Providers • Provide connection to users • Has a permanent Internet connection – On-line services • America OnLine, Microsoft Network, Yahoo • Connection to Internet & other services
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 20 Digital Signals Versus Analog Signals • Modems – Bulletin Board System – for leaving messages – Cable Modem • Maximum speeds of 40 Mbps (compare to 56Kbps) • Higher speeds but at a higher cost than ISP – Modem eliminator (null modem) • 50 feet or less • 1,200 to 38,400 bps – Short-haul modem • Up to 20 miles • 1,200 to 9,600 bps depending on distance – Fax modem • Sends fax through a computer
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Data Codes • General Description – Data codes represent characters – Rules for converting bits to characters – ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode
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Data Codes • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) – Standard ASCII – 7 bit code – Extended ASCII – 8 bit code – Special ASCII characters for data communications – Table 2-4
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 24 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 25 Data Codes • Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) – 8-bit code
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 27 Data Codes • UNICODE – 16-bit code – Supports up to 65,536 characters – Used for languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean – Includes mathematical, geometric and other symbols – Only used with OS that can display the codes
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Telecommunications – Voice Communications • Introduction – Good quality transmission medium – Telephone network components • The Telephone – Converts human voice to electrical signal – Converters (does the conversion) – Transmitter and Receiver (both are converters) – Diaphragm vibrates to convert sound to electricity • Telephone network supports many features
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 30 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 31 Telecommunications – Voice Communications • The Telephone Network – End office (aka central office, exchange office) – Local loop (connects home to end office) – Local exchange carrier (provides dial tone) – T-Carrier Circuits (1.5Mbps rate)
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Telecommunications – Voice Communications • Telephone calls –Local call (made within local end offices) • Intraoffice call (same prefix) • Interoffice call (different prefix) –Tandem office (handles calls within an area code, unit calls) –Toll offices (handles calls to a different area code)
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 34 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications 35 Telecommunications – Voice Communications • The Telephone Network – Telephone lines • Voice-grade circuits • Multiplexing used to combine many calls on a single line (uses guardbands to separate calls) – Used by cable TV as well – Telephone signals • Dial tone, ringing, busy, etc. • Table 2-5 shows types of signals
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Telecommunications – Voice Communications • Telephone Numbering Systems – Direct distance dialing (DDD) – Area codes (expansion in 1995) – Exchange codes (prefix in phone number) – Country codes (identifies other country) – 800 service (WATS, toll free) • 888, 877, 866 are now also toll free – 900 service (caller charged) – Dial around services (10-10-xxx numbers)
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Summary • Signals transmit information • Data codes convert information • Transmission speed • Transmission capacity • Digital versus analog data • ASCII code, EBCDIC code, UNICODE
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Summary • Telephone network • Quality of telephone lines • Telephone numbering system
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Communications Trailblazer • John T. Chambers, Cisco Systems – Cisco sells routers & switches – Cisco is successful even when the economy is on a downturn – Chambers has received many awards – Previously at Wang labs and IBM – Has open communication with employees – Promotes tremendous loyalty among employees
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Spotlight On • Wireless Technology in Schools – Wireless technology now in grade and high schools as well as universities – Uses • In classroom to do research • Accessing courses on the Web • PDAs to access e-mail, Internet, other users, to take notes – Higher Ed – Classroom on a cart