Documentos de Académico
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Henrik Bruus
Chapters: 4 – 5
Mean Field Theory and Time-Evolution Pictures
• We may use the language of second quantization to describe this simplified model.
Mean-Field Theory: Formulation (Two Particles)
• Consider the interaction between two kinds of particles (distinguishable particles) with
operators `a’ and `b’, and quantum numbers `mu’ and `nu’.
• Rewrite Hamiltonian
Mean-Field Theory: Formulation (Two Particles)
• With…
Mean-Field Theory: Formulation (Two Particles)
• We now have:
• But, how do we find the mean fields? – TAKE THE AVERAGE MANUALLY
(Self-Consistency Check)
N^2 Combinations
• One must choose consider the physical properties of the system and seek symmetries
when seeking to choose an ideal quantum number for MFT treatment.
Hartree-Fock Approximation
• For particles `of-a-kind’ (Indistinguishable Particles), the method used for
distinguishable particles is not enough – we need an extra term.
• We now have,
• With Hamiltonian:
Hartree-Fock Approximation
Like we did before, we consider a deviation from the average density operator,
Deviation Squared
is very-very small!
Hartree-Fock Approximation
Finally, we have:
We obtain:
• So that, we obtain:
Regularly spaced
Choose: electrons
represented by
wave function with
wave number k.
Ex: Homogenous Electron Gas
Exchange Correction
• For a Hamiltonian with symmetry , there is an operator that commutes with the Hamiltonian.
• When there is a critical temperature at which the expectation of the order parameter
(a macroscopic observable marked by decreased symmetry) is non-zero,
we say that Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking has occurred.
The Heisenberg Model
• Note: In the symmetric regime, the expectation of the spin operator is zero. Therefore, we assume
such symmetry is broken (there is an external magnetic field). SUCH THAT…
The Heisenberg Model
• With `n’ nearest neighbors, we have the magnetic moment and the Hamiltonian…
The Heisenberg Model
• Seeking to compute the average, we first compute the partition function with S = 1/2…
• When we have conductive and magnetic behavior, Heisenberg’s model is not enough.
(Heisenberg can’t explain magnetism for `moving magnetic moments’).
• First considering only the coulombic interaction, we have the Hubbard model:
• We now apply the Hartree-Fock Approximation, with the following order parameters:
The Stoner Model of Metallic Ferromagnets
Proportional to strength
of interaction Parameter dependent
on how states are
occupied
Superconductivity & GGS Breaking
• The breaking of “Global Gauge Symmetry” (Disappearance of invariance with respect to global
phase shift) is associated with a superconductive (not resistive to electron flow) state. [BCS
Theory]
• We again search for the mean field that minimizes the free energy to obtain:
Superconductivity & GGS Breaking
• The solution to the following:
• Yields that the system minimizes it’s free energy by allowing the current:
Microscopic Theory
• The full BCS Hamiltonian for superconductors is:
• Performing the mean-field assumption, where the `` Cooper pair operator” is:
Microscopic Theory
• We have:
• With:
• Consider particles distributed throughout space (Ex: Lattice of particles) with wave
functions such that their density is given by:
Change to Integral
• But, this represents an integral (or sum) for a product of wavefunctions of a difference in
phase of q, which yields a zero unless…