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Sensors
• Several crash sensors located in the front of vehicle and in the
passenger compartment
• Each senses the sudden deceleration or impact in the event of a crash
and flips a mechanical switch to indicate a crash.
Airbag Deployment
• Frontal crash scenario: Car crashes into an
obstacle (wall) at 20+ mph
• Sensors detect the deceleration and inflator
unit activated
• Deployment sensitivity: To guard against
accidental inflation on hard braking, sensors
detect collisions into a solid barrier at speeds greater than 8-14 mph
only as impacts
• An electric current is used to heat a filament wire that ignites the NaN3
capsules, producing N2:
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
10Na + 2KNO3 K2O + 5Na2O+ N2
K2O + Na2O SiO2 alkaline glass (safe, unignitable)
130 g of NaN3 produces 67 ltrs of Na
Airbag Deployment
• The airbag then inflates fully at speeds > 320mph within 0.05s of crash.
For maximum safety, occupant must have seat belt on and sit with chest
10” from steering wheel
• Immediately after full inflation, the airbag deflates through tiny pores on
the surface within 0.3s
Accelerometer
Additional Features
• An on/off switch
• Combination with seat-belt pre-tensioners and other safety
systems
• Inflation in the event of fire (high temp.) to prevent
explosion of solid compound
• Depowering and differential powering
• Small rapid deployment airbags for side impact at roof-rail or
door or seat back.
eg: 1) Beltline Head/Torso Side Airbag 2) Inflatable
Tubular Structure
Electromechanical Crash Sensors
Fluid pressure based weight sensors
Smart Restraint System
• Is one that adapts its geometry, • ie, a smart restraint system must
performance or behavior to suit be able to update itself on the
varying impact types and/or following:
occupants & occ. posns. – Occ. characterisation
• Must be able to distinguish – Occ. location
between: • Accordingly decides:
– RFIS & child seat – Which airbags to deploy when
– Child – Full blown / supressed
– Adult – Seat belt pre-tensioning,
– Empty retraction/collapse of parts
– Subsets of possible seating – Direction of deployment
posns. for above (< / >10”) – Sequencing & Timing
– Belted / non-belted – Post deployment action
– Crash severity
– Crash direction
Smart Restraints
• Detection types: • Advance meth. (complex, high
– mechanical computing power reqd.)
– spatial – Passive Infra-red
– other – Video systems
• Means of detection: – Biometric sensing
– Weight & distribution (3)
– Seat belt (webbing , rotation • Systems must:
ctr & buckle) – Sequence & time appropriately
– Active Infra-red (OOP sense) – Extremely reliable
– Ultrasonic – Work within varying auto
– Radar/Microwave interior atmosphere and
– Capacitive lighting
– tags for RFIS & smart keys – Differentiate camouflage
– Height sensors in seat / belt – Low cost
Smart Restraints
• Components • Sensor types:
– Side/Variable/dual-stage – Electromechanical
airbags – Accelerometers
– Seat-belt pre-tensioners – Pressure
– Side/Central/Satellite/Safing – Stress-wave
crash sensors – Pre-crash
– Occupant sensors • Pre-crash sensing
– Central ECU – More details reqd from sensors
– Pre-crash sensors – Advantage: Enables early
• Driving states: decision and pre-tensioning
– Normal – Disadv: imprecise object
– Collision avoidable classification & cost
– Collision imminent – Same sensors as those for ACC,
CW/CA
– Post-crash