INDONESIA

ENGINEERING COMPANY

FIRST AID TRAINING

Objective:

The objective of this training is to

provide you with some basic skills
which can help you manage a victim in
an emergency situation while waiting
for the arrival of a medical team.
You should be able to:
- Preserve life,
- Prevent the casualty’s condition
from deterioration,
- Promote recovery.
Importance:

• An organised medical team not always at site of

incident
• Necessity to act immediately and appropriately
Safety:

All incident sites

are potential
danger zones.
Is the DANGER
persisting ???
Do not become
another victim
unnecessarily.
Check for Safety first: Is the scene safe?
 Types of Danger
• Controllable: Eliminate the danger and the scene is
safe.

• Non controllable: Extract the victim from the danger

if it is safe to do so. This is only when the victim
cannot move on his/her own and the danger is real and
imminent. Otherwise wait until the scene is made safe.
Call or ask someone to call for help

What..?
First it is those
Help help!!!! who are around
There is an accident!

Medical service
Tel:
When to call for help:

As early as possible, but

after a rapid evaluation of
the situation and the risks,
if possible, the first aid
action you have given.
 Who to call:
• Teacher:

• Medical:

Be precise when you call: Your name, the exact location

of the incident, the problem, number of staff/people
involved, what you have done or intend to do. Be calm.
Do not hang-up until you are ask to.
Choking occurs when a foreign object
becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe,
blocking the flow of air. In adults, a piece of
food often is the culprit. In young children it
is often small objects.
 Recognise a choking victim:
– Hands clutched to the throat, restlessness,
– Inability to breath,
– Inability to talk,
– Inability to cough

(If the victim is coughing, he/she is not choking.

Encourage the person to keep on coughing. This
can help to dislodge the object ).
 Back blows :
 Ask the victim if he/she is choking.
Though unable to talk can indicate by node
of the head.

 Tel him/her you can help. If he/she is okay,

 Stand by the side of the victim and slightly

behind,

 Support him/her by the chest and tip

slightly forward,

 Deliver back blows between the shoulder

blades with the hill of your hand. Give up
to five blows if necessary.
Abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver).

If the object does not come out after 5 back blows,

• Stand behind the person.
Wrap your arms around the
waist. Tip the person
forward slightly.
• Make a fist with one
hand.
• Grasp the fist with the
other hand.
• Perform a total of five
abdominal thrusts,
Partial airway obstruction:
• Do not give back blows,
• Encourage the person to keep on coughing,
• Call emergency.

Giving back blows in a situation of partial

obstruction can aggravate the situation by
becoming a total obstruction.
 Facts

• An adult has about 4.5 to 5.5 liters of blood.

• Blood represents 7% of the total body weight
• The heart pumps about 4.5 to 5 liters of blood
per minute.
 Ways to stop severe bleeding:

1. Direct pressure
Press firmly on the bleeding wound with
your hand or let the victim press if
possible (be sure your hand is protected).

• Lay the victim down,

• If bleeding is on a limb elevate
the limb,
• Calm the victim.
Compressive dressings
•Substitute rapidly the
compression by a clean tissue or
gauze. This should completely
cover the wound that is
bleeding.

•Do compressive bandaging.

Never remove an
object from a wound!
2. Distant compression points:

Femoral artery Humeral artery Carotid artery

 Particular cases
1. Nose bleeding:
– Place victim in a sitting position,
– Let him/her lean forward,
– Let him/her compress the bleeding nostril with
the index finger for 10 minutes,
– Call emergency service.
2. Internal bleeding: Coughing out blood,
vomiting blood or loss of blood through a natural
orifice is a sign of internal bleeding.
– Lay the victim down or in a half-sitting position,
– Call emergency,
– Do not give anything to eat or drink,
– Do not leave the victim alone,
– Protect from cold or heat.
If an unconscious victim is laying on the back,
he/she risk death due to the dropped tongue
that blocks the airway.

To avoid this, the victim needs to be put in a

Recovery Position.
 Recognise Unconsciousness,

 Check for Breathing,

 Put the victim in a Recovery Position.

 Recognise Unconsciousness: Give simple orders.

Are you OK?

Open your eyes,

NO RESPONSE

The victim is unconscious

Liberate anything that can prevent the victim from
breathing : Tie, shirt collar button, belt, trousers button.
 Tongue is the most
common of airway
obstruction in an
unconscious victim.

Liberate the airway:

 Tilt the head gently,

 Lift the chin,
 Open the mouth.
 Check for Breathing:

Look Is he breathing?
Listen &
Feel
Let me check !!
Observe for breathing:

Watch the chest rise and fall, feel warm air touch
your jaw, hear breathing sounds.

Check breathing for not more than 10 seconds.

Recovery Position:
• Lift the chin to ensure the airway is open,
• Victim's arm on your side should be positioned so as to make a right
angle with his body, with elbow bent and palm facing out,

• Victim's other arm on opposite side should be placed across the

chest, with back of their hand against the cheek,

• Pull up the victim's knee joint (side away from you) as it bends with
the foot flat on the ground,

• Roll over the patient in this position towards your side.

•By tilting the patient's head back ensures that the
airway is open.

•The uppermost leg should be adjusted in such a

way that the hip and knee are at right angles.
In a victim unconscious and no more
breathing, CPR should be started immediately.
Any delay reduces the chances of survival.
• Verify consciousness, if unconscious,

• Check for breathing, if victim is not breathing,

• Call for help or let someone call,

• Place the victim on a hard surface,

• Turn him/her to the back,

• Liberate the airway,

• Start CPR with chest compressions until help

arrives.
• Place the heel of your hand on
the middle of the chest
(breastbone),
• Place your other hand securely
on top of the first hand.
• Keep your shoulder vertically
over the victim’s chest,
• Depth of compression: 4-5 cm,
• Rate 100 compression/minute.

30 : 2
30 compressions:2 ventilations
- Breaths:
- Mouth to mouth:
 Tilt head gently backwards,
 Pinch the nose and cover the
mouth completely,
 Breath slowly into the person’s
mouth enough to make the
chest to start to rise,
 Take off your mouth to allow air
to escape,
 Give the second breath.
- Mouth to nose:
 Blow air into the nose while the
mouth closed.
Wounds – Severe and Simple
• Severe wound:
– Place victim in a comfortable position,
– Call emergency.
Never remove a foreign body from a wound.

Abdominal wound: Lying on the back

Chest wound: Half-seated position
and limbs folded
• Simple wound:
– Wash hands with water and soap,
– Clean the wound with water and soap (if
possible use sterile gauze and an antiseptic),
– Protect with a clean dressing
– Inquire if the victim has been vaccinated
against tetanus.
– Advice to see a doctor if swelling persist and
there is increase pain.
Burns:

Oops..!
It’s hot.. Burning agents :
•Heat
•Chemical products
•Electricity
Burns – Severe and Simple

Help, Eliminate the cause or move

Heellpp ! victim away from the cause.

If clothes are on flames, stop

the victim from running, let
him roll on the ground and
lost the flames by covering
him with a loin.
What is Cool the burnt surface as soon
this?
as possible with tap water for
5 minutes if severe burns or
until the victim does not feel
pains in case of simple burns.
Do not apply water pressure
directly on the burnt surface.

Pouring water on the

burnt surface reduces
pain and limits the
extension of the burns.
Electric burns:

Hellllppp!! All electric burns are

considered severe.
• Treat thermal burns,
• CPR if cardiac arrest,
• Call for help immediately.
Electric burns:

The human body is a good electrical conductor;

hence never touch a victim of an electric shock
without first turning off the current or pushing
him/her out of the current zone with the help of
a non-conducting object made of wood or
plastic.
Chemical burns:

• Remove all clothing,

• Wash abundantly with running water,
• Call for help.
Sprains
RICE:

• Rest: limb should be

immobilized,
• Ice: Apply ice pack if available,
• Compression: bandaging in a
figure of 8,
• Elevate limb: Improves
drainage and reduce pain,
• Call for help.
Fractures:

- Call emergency
- Keep limb in position that you found it in and place a
soft padding around the broken bones.
- Splint the injury with something rigid (rolled up
newspaper, magazines etc.. )
- If open fracture, cover it with a clean gauze or cloth.
- Apply pressure to control bleeding
- Do not try to push the bone back into wound nor try
to clean the bone
- Do not give anything by mouth for surgery may be
necessary
- If upper arm, apply sling after splinting.
Bites and stings:
Can be bites from dogs, other animals, snakes
and insects and stings from insects. Usually not
severe.
In case of severity:
• Call emergency if necessary.
• In case of dog or animal bite:
– Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and
water
– Keep it open , clean and dry.
– Comfort the victim.
• In case of an insect bite or sting:
– Be sure the upper airway is open and the person
is breathing,
– Reassure while calming him/her down,
– Remove rings, bangles and bracelets for limbs
might swell,
– Remove stinger if still present with telephone
card not tweezers (poison may be squeezed in),
- Wash with soap and water then put wrapped
ice on for 10 minutes and off for 10minutes.
Repeat cycle,
- Place the person in a comfortable position
while waiting for the medical team to arrive,
- Do not apply a tourniquet; it is instead
dangerous,
- Do not give any medications except prescribed
by a doctor.
In case of a Snake bite:

• Do not panic. Snake bites are not all deadly.

• Do not run because running increases the
heart rate, hence increasing diffusion of
venom circulation in the body.
• Do not apply a tourniquet; it is instead
dangerous;
• Do not aspirate the venom with your mouth; it
does not help the victim but rather it is
dangerous for you the rescuer;
• Do not incise the wound or do scarifications, it
increases the risk of infection;
• Do not inject anti-venom. It is to be used only
by medical personnel because of allergic risks.
 What to do:
• Remain calm and also calm the victim;
• Lay the victim down and let him rest;
• If possible and without taking any risk, identify the
snake. The type of snake can determine the
appropriate treatment;
• If wound, clean with soap and then with an
antiseptic (oxygenated water, Betadine, Dakin).
• Remove rings, bangles and bracelets for
limbs might swell;
• If possible, apply an elastic bandage to
block lymphatic circulation which the
venom uses to spread. The bandaging
should not be too tight to block blood
circulation (make sure that you can still pass
your finger between the skin and the
bandage). This is not a tourniquet!
 Contents of a First Aid Kit
• Bandages in assorted sizes • Splints in assorted sizes
• Sterile gauze pads in • Triangular bandages
assorted sizes • Safety pins
• Hypoallergenic adhesive • Anti-bacterial soap
tape • Antibiotic ointment
• Scissors • Latex gloves and face
• Tweezers mask
• Anti allergic cream • Breathing barrier for CPR
• Antiseptic • Sunscreen
• Thermometer • Paracetamol, Aspirin
• Tongue blades and/or Ibuprofen
• Burn dressing Gel
 Thank you
Merci
TERIMA KASIH