Chapter 5

Chapter 5
Finite Control Volume Analysis

5.1 Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation
5.1 .1 Derivation of the continuity Equation
A system is defined as a collection of unchanging
contents, so the conservation of mass for a system is
simply stated as
time rate of change of the system mass = 0
DM sys
0
Dt
where the system mass, Msys, is generally expressed as
M sys    dV
sys
For a system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume
that are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds
transport theorem allows us to state that
D 

Dt sys
 dV    dV   V .ndA
t CV CS
ˆ
System and control volume at three different instances of time. (a)

System and control volume at time t – δt. (b) System and control
volume at time t, coincident condition. (c) System and control
volume at time t + δt.
D 

Dt sys
 dV  
t CV
 dV  CS V . ˆ
ndA
 time rate of
change of the
 net rate of 
time rate of change  
  mass of the flow of mass 
of the mass of the     
  contents of the through the 
coincident system 
coincident control control surface

 volume
When a flow is steady, all field properties including
density remains with time. That is,


t CV
 dV  0
 V .ndA
CS
ˆ
ˆ  volume flow rate

V .ndA
through dA
ˆ  m
 V .ndA out  min
CS
The control volume expression for conservation of

mass, which us commonly called continuity equation,
for a fixed, nondeforming control volume is obtained
by combining earlier equations


t CV
 dV  
CS
V . ˆ
ndA 0
This equation states that to conserve mass the time rate

of change of the mass of the contents of the control
volume plus net rate of mass of flow through the
control surface must equal zero.
Conservation of mass principle for an ordinary
bathtub 7
Mass Flow Rate
The amount of mass flowing through a cross section
per unit time is called the mass flow rate and is denoted
by m .
The differential mass flow rate
of fluid flowing across a small
area element dA
 m  V cos dA
ˆ dA
m    m   V .n  kg/sec 
CS CS
8
Mass Flow Rate
In many practical applications, the density is
essentially uniform over the pipe cross section.
Velocity, however, is never uniform over a cross
section of a pipe. We define the average velocity as
 V .ndA
ˆ
V A
A
If the velocity is considered
uniformly distributed over the
section area, A, then
 V .ndA
ˆ
V A
V
A 9
Conservation of Mass-Steady, Incompressible Flow
Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped
nozzle at the end of a fire hose. If the nozzle exit velocity
must be at least 20 m/s, determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m3/s.
Conservation of Mass-Steady, Compressible Flow
Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight
proportion of 1.2 cm inside diameter pipe. The uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each section are
given. If the average air velocity (non-uniform velocity
distribution) at section (2) is 300 m/s, calculate the
average air velocity at section (1).
P2= 1.3 E05 Pa
P1= 6.9 E05 Pa T2 = 250 K
T1 = 300 K
Transport Phenomena
1.2 -cm
I
Conservation of Mass – Nonuniform Velocity Profile
Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe
having radius R. At section (1), the velocity profile is uniform; the
velocity is equal to a constant value U and is parallel to the pipe axis
everywhere. At section (2), the velocity profile is axisymmetric and
parabolic, with zero velocity at the pipe wall and maximum value of
umax at the centerline. How are U and umax related? How are the
average velocity at section (2) and umax related?
Transport Phenomena - I
Conservation of Mass - Unsteady Flow
A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate
of flow from the faucet is steady at 5.7  10-4 m3/s. The
tub volume is approximated by a rectangular space.
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in
the tub at any instant.
0.45 m
1.5 m
5.1 .3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
W (relative velocity) = Fluid velocity

seen by an observer moving with the C.V
Vvc = Velocity of the C.V as seen from a
fixed coordinate system
V (absolute velocity) = Fluid velocity
seen by a stationary observer in a fixed
coordinate
These velocities are related to each other
by the vector equation
V  W  VCV
5.1 .3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
For a system and a moving, nondeforming control

volume that are coincident at an instant of time, the
Reynolds transport theorem allows us to state that
D 

Dt sys
 dV    dV   W .ndA
t CV CS
ˆ
The control volume expression for conservation of

mass (the continuity equation) for a moving,
nondeforming control volume is


t CV
 dV   W .ndA
CS
ˆ 0
Conservation of Mass – Compressible Flow with a C.V
An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 km/hr. The frontal
intake area of the jet engine is 0.80 m2 and entering air density is
0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer determines that relative to the
earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the engine with
a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the
exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3. Estimate the mass flowrate of
the fuel into the engine in kg/hr.
Conservation of Mass – Relative Velocity
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady
rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in figure. If the exit area of each of the
two nozzles is 30 mm2, determine the average speed of the water
leaving each nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if (a) the rotary sprinkler
head is stationary, (b) the sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm, and (c)
the sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to 600 rpm.
5.1 .4 Deforming Control Volume
A deforming control volume involves changing volume
size and control surface movement. Thus, the Reynolds
transport theorem for a moving C.V can be used
DM sys 
Dt
 
t CV
 dV   W .ndA
CS
ˆ 0
non zero term net mass flow rate
The mass flow rate term must be determined with the

relative velocity, W, the velocity referenced to the
control surface. For the deforming control volume
V  W  Vcs
Where Vcs is the velocity of the control surface seen by
a fixed observer.
Conservation of Mass – Deforming Control Volume
A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a
face area of 500 mm2. If the liquid in the syringe is to be
injected steadily at a rate of 300 cm3/min, at what speed
should the plunger be advanced? The leakage rate past
the plunger is 0.10 times the volume flowrate out of the
needle.
Conservation of Mass – Deforming Control Volume
A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate
of flow from the faucet is steady at 5.7  10-4 m3/s. The
tub volume is approximated by a rectangular space.
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in
the tub at any instant.
0.45 m
1.5 m
5.2 Newton’s Second Law – The Linear Momentum
5.2 .1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation
Newton’s second law of motion for a system is
time rate of change of the  Sum of external forces

linear momentum of the system  acting on the system
DP  D
  
Dt sys Dt sys
V  dV   FSys  FS  FB
Any reference or coordinate system for which this

statement is true is called inertial. A fixed coordinate
system is inertial. A coordinate system that moves in a
straight line with constant velocity (no acceleration) is
also inertial.
Inertial reference frame: A frame of reference in
which any body initially at rest will remain at rest
indefinitely, or in which a moving body moves in a
straight line with constant speed indefinitely; in other
words, it is free from any inertial forces. It can be
defined as a frame of reference in which Newton's
laws of motion apply exactly. The frame of reference
fixed with respect to the Earth's surface is not inertial,
because there are forces due to the Earth's rotation.
When a control volume is coincident with a system at an
instant of time, the forces acing on the system and the
forces acting on the contents of the coincident control
volume are instantaneously identical.
External forces acting on system and coincident C.V.
Fsys  FContents of the C.V

For a system and the contents of a coincident control
volume that is fixed and nondeforming, the Reynolds
transport theorem allows us to conclude
D 

Dt sys
V  dV  
t CV
V  dV   V V .ndA
CS
ˆ
 time rate of net rate of 

time rate of change   
 change of the flow of linear
of the linear   
  linear momentum  momentum 
momentum of the  
of the contents of through the 
system   
 the C.V C.S 
For a control volume that is fixed and nondeforming an
appropriate mathematical statement of Newton’s second
law of motion as


t CV
V  dV   V V .ndA
CS
ˆ  FContents
of the C.V
Linear Momentum Equation

The resultant force includes all surface and body forces
acing on the contents of the control volume.


t CV
u  dV   u V .ndA
CS
ˆ  FBx  Fsx


t CV
v  dV   v V .ndA
CS
ˆ  FBy  Fsy


t CV
w dV   wV .ndA
CS
ˆ  FBz  Fsz
Linear Momentum – Change in Flow Direction
A horizontal jet of
water exits a nozzle
5.6  10-3 m2
with a uniform speed
of V1=3 m/s, strikes a
vane, and is turned
through an angle .
Determine an
anchoring force
needed to hold the
vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and
viscous effects.
Linear Momentum – Weight, Pressure, and Change in
Speed
Determine the anchoring
force required to hold in
place a conical nozzle
attached to the end of a
laboratory sink faucet
when the water flow rate is
0.6 L/s. The nozzle mass
is 0.1 kg. the pressure at
section 1 is 464 kpa.
Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in Flow Direction
Water flows through a horizontal, 1800 pipe bend. The flow
cross sectional area is constant at a value of 0.009 m2
through the bend. The magnitude of the flow velocity
everywhere in the bend is axial and 15 m/s. The absolute
pressures at the entrance and exit of the bend are 207 kPa
and 165 kPa, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y)
components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend
in place.
A = 0.009 m2
V = 15 m/s
V=
15
m/s
V = 15 m/s
Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in Speed, and Friction
Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long,
straight portion of 0.1 m inside diameter pipe, when the
uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each cross
section are given. If the average air velocity at section (2) is
305 m/s and at section (1) must be 67 m/s. Assuming uniform
velocity distributions at section (1) and (2), determine the
frictional force exerted by the pipe all on the air flow.
V2 = 305
m/s
P1 = 6.9 × 105 Pa P2 = 1.3 × 105 Pa

T1 = 300 K T2 = 250 K
Linear Momentum – Weight, Pressure, Friction, and Nonuniform
Velocity Profile
If the flow is vertically

upward, develop and
expression for the fluid
pressure drop that occurs
between section (1) and (2).
Linear Momentum – Thrust
A static thrust stand as sketched in Fig. is to be designed for
testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a
typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s, exhaust gas velocity =
500 m/s; intake cross-sectional area = 1 m2; intake static
pressure = -22.5 kPa = 785 kPa (abs); intake static temperature
= 268 K; exhaust static pressure = 0 kPa = 101 kPa (abs).
Estimate the nominal anchoring for which to design.
Linear Momentum – Nonuniform Pressure
A sluice gate across a channel of width b is shown in the
closed and open positions. Is the anchoring for required to
hold the gate in place larger when the gate is closed or when
it is open?
Non-deforming Moving Inertial Control Volume
Consider a control volume moving at constant speed. We
can set up two coordinates systems: XYZ, absolute or
stationary (inertial), coordinates, and the xyz coordinates
attached to the C.V (also inertial because the C.V. is not
accelerating with respect to XYZ)
Z
Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity
For a system and an inertial, moving, nondeforming
control volume that are both coincident at an instant of
time, the Reynolds transport theorem leads us to
D 

Dt sys
Vxyz  dV  
t CV
Vxyz  dV   Vxyz V .ndA
CS
ˆ

When an inertial control volume is coincident with a
system at an instant of time, the forces acing on the
system and the forces acting on the contents of the
coincident control volume are instantaneously identical.
Fsys  FContents of the C.V

For a nondeforming control volume that is moving with
constant velocity (inertial control volume having no
acceleration relative to a stationary frame of reference)
an appropriate mathematical statement of Newton’s
second law of motion as


t CV
CS
ˆ  FC.V  FS  FB

Linear Momentum – Moving Control Volume
A vane with a turning angle of 60o. The vane moves at
constant speed, U = 10 m/s, and receives a jet of water
that leaves a stationary nozzle with speed V = 30 m/s.
The nozzle has an exit area of 0.003 m2. Determine the
force components that act on the vane.
A vane with a turning angle of 60o. The vane moves at
constant speed, U = 10 m/s, and receives a jet of water
that leaves a stationary nozzle with speed V = 30 m/s.
The nozzle has an exit area of 0.003 m2. Determine the
force components that act on the vane.
Moving Inertial Control Volume
1. Flow is steady relative to the vane.

2. Speed of water stream is not slowed by friction on the
vane. Vxyz 1  Vxyz 2  V  U
3. Properties are uniform at sections 1 and 2.
4. FBx = 0, since the track is horizontal.
5. Incompressible flow.
A vane on wheels moves with constant velocity V0 = 30 m/s
when a stream of water having a nozzle exit velocity V1 = 6 m/s
is turned 45o by the vane.
5.6  10-4 m2
Determine the magnitude
and direction of the force,
F, exerted by the stream of
water on the vane surface.
0.3 m
The water leaves the stationary 50 mm diameter nozzle
with a speed of 20 m/s and enters the vane tangent to the
surface at A. The inside surface of the vane at B makes
angle  = 150o with the x direction. Compute the force
that must be applied to maintain the vane speed constant
y
at U = 5 m/s.
x
(2)
Y
(1) Rx
Ry

4. FBx = 0, neglect Fby since not given
5. No pressure forces or friction, so Fsx = Rx , Fsy = Ry
The circular dish has an outside diameter of 0.15 m. A
water jet strikes the dish concentrically and then flows
outward along the surface of the dish. The jet speed is 45
m/s and dish moves to the left with a constant speed of
10 m/s. Find the thickness of the jet sheet at a radius of
75 mm from the jet axis. What horizontal force on the
dish is required to maintain this motion?
y
x
(1)
Rx
(2)

4. FBx = 0, neglect Fby since not given
5. No pressure forces or friction, so Fsx = Rx , Fsy = Ry
Non-deforming Moving Noninertial Control Volume
For an inertial control volume (having no acceleration
relative to a stationary frame of reference), the
appropriate formulation of Newton’s second law is given
by,


t CV
CS
ˆ  FC.V  FS  FB
Not all control volumes are inertial; for example, a

rocket must accelerate if it is to get off the ground. Since
we are interested in analyzing control volumes that may
accelerate relative to inertial coordinates, it is logical to
ask whether above equation can be used for an
accelerating control volume.
First, in relating the system derivatives to the control
volume formulation,
DM sys 
Dt
 
t CV
b dV   b V .ndA
CS
ˆ
the flow field, V(x,y,z,t), was specified relative to the

control volume’s coordinates x, y, and z. No restriction
was placed on the motion of the xyz reference frame.
Consequently, above equation is valid at any instant for
any arbitrary motion of the coordinates x, y, and z
provided that all velocities in the equation are measured
relative to the control volume.
Second, the system equation
DP 
F  where P   Vdm   V  dV
Dt  sys M ( sys ) V ( sys )
is valid only for velocities measured relative to an

inertial reference frame. Thus, if we denote the inertial
reference frame by XYZ, then Newton’s second law
states that
DPXYZ 
F 
Dt  sys
Since the time derivatives of PXYZ and Pxyz are not equal
when the control volume reference frame xyz is
accelerating relative to the inertial reference frame.
To develop the momentum equation for a linearly
accelerating control volume, it is necessary to relate PXYZ
of the system to Pxyz of the system. The system derivative
DPxyz / Dt can then be related to control volume variable
through Reynolds transport equation.
DPXYZ  D DVXYZ
F   
Dt  sys Dt M ( sys )
VXYZ  dV  
M ( sys )
Dt
 dV
The velocities with respect to the inertial (XYZ) and the

control volume coordinates (xyz) are related by the
relative-motion equation
VXYZ  Vxyz  Vrf
Vrf is the velocity of the control volume coordinates xyz

with respect to the absolute stationary coordinates XYZ.
Since we are assuming the motion of xyz is pure
translation, without rotation, relative to inertial reference
frame XYZ, then
dVXYZ dVxyz dVrf
 aXYZ    axyz  arf
dt dt dt
Where
a XYZ is the rectilinear acceleration of the system relative
inertial reference frame (XYZ)
axyz is the rectilinear acceleration of the system relative
noninertial reference frame (xyz)
arf is the rectilinear acceleration of the noninertial
reference frame (xyz) relative to inertial frame (XYZ)
DPXYZ  D DVXYZ
F   
Dt  sys Dt M ( sys )
VXYZ  dV  
M ( sys )
Dt
 dV
DVxyz
 
M ( sys )
arf  dV  
M ( sys )
Dt
 dV 
D
F   arf  dV   Vxyz  dV
M ( sys )
Dt M ( sys )
DPxyz 
F   arf  dV  
M ( sys )
Dt 
sys
For a system and an noninertial, moving, nondeforming
control volume that are both coincident at an instant of
time, the Reynolds transport theorem leads us to
D 

Dt sys
Vxyz  dV  
t CV
CS
ˆ

When an noninertial control volume is coincident with a
system at an instant of time, the forces acing on the
system and the forces acting on the contents of the
coincident control volume are instantaneously identical.
F  
M ( sys )
arf  dV   F  
V ( CV )
arf  dV
For a nondeforming control volume that is moving with

rectilinear acceleration (relative to a stationary frame of
reference) an appropriate mathematical statement of
Newton’s second law of motion as

 F   arf  dV   V  dV   V V . ˆ
ndA

xyz xyz
V ( CV )
t CV CS

FS  FB   arf  dV   Vxyz  dV   Vxyz V .ndA
ˆ
V ( CV )
t CV CS

Pseudo Force (Fictitious Force)
The physically apparent
but nonexistent force
needed by an observer in a
non-inertial frame to make
Newton's laws of motion
hold true.
This force does not arise

from any physical
interaction but rather from
the acceleration a of the
non-inertial reference
frame itself.
A vane, with turning angle 60o, is attached to a cart. The
cart and vane, of mass M = 75 kg, roll on a level track.
Friction and air resistance may be neglected. The vane
receives a jet of water, which leaves a stationary nozzle
horizontally at V = 35 m/s. The nozzle exit area is A =
0.003 m2. Determine the velocity of the cart as a fintion
of time.
1. Fsx = 0, since no resistance is present.

2. FBx = 0, since the track is horizontal.
3. Neglect the mass of water in contact with the vane
compared to the cart mass
4. Neglect the rate of change ot momentum of liquid

inside the control volume  uxyz  dV  0
t CV
vane Vxyz 1  Vxyz 2
A small rocket, with an initial

mass of 400 kg, is to be launched
vertically. Upon ignition the
rocket consumes fuel at the rate
of 5 kg/s and ejects gas at
atmospheric pressure with a
speed of 3500 m/s relative to the
rocket. Determine the initial
acceleration of the rocket and
rocket speed after 10 sec, if air
resistance is neglected.
• Fsy = 0, Atmospheric pressure acts on all surfaces of
the C.V; since air resistance is neglected
• Gravity is the only body force; g is constant
• Flow leaving the rocket is uniform, Ve is constant
• The mass of the CV will be a function of time because
mass is leaving the CV at rate me
• The acceleration, arf, of the CV is that seen by an
observer in the XY coordinate system. Thus arf is not a
function of the coordinates xyz

• 
t CV
vxyz  dV  0
this is the time rate of change of the
relative y-momentum of the fluid in the CV. Even
though the relative y-momentum of the fluid inside
the CV is a large number, it does not change
appreciably with time.
Moment-of-Momentum Equation
Application of Newton’s second law of motion to a
particle of fluid yields
D
Dt
 
V  V   Fparticle    (1)
where V  particle velocity measured in an interial reference

system
  particle density
 V  infinitesimally small particle volume
 Fparticle  resultant external force acting on the particle
If we form the moments of each side of Eq. 1 with respect
to the origin of an inertial coordinate system, we obtain
r
D
Dt
 
V  V  r   Fparticle    (2)
where r is the position vector from the origin of the

inertial coordinate system to the fluid particle. We note
that
D 
Dt   
r  V  V 

Dr
Dt
 V  V  r 
D
Dt 
V  V 

D
 V  V  V  r  V  V 
Dt  
D
 0r  V  V     (3)
Dt  
Now the Eq. 2 can be modified using Eq. 3
D
Dt 
 
r  V  V   r   Fparticle    (4)

Equation 4 is valid for every particle of a system. For a
system (collection of fluid particles), we need to use the
sum of both of Eq. 4 to obtain

D 
Dt  
r  V  V    r  F
   Sys
   (5)
System
Where  r  F particle 
 r  F 
Sys
   (6)
We note that
D
 
Dt System 
 

r  V  V  

D 
Dt 

r  V  V    (7)
 
System
since the sequential order of differentiation and integration can be

reversed without consequence.
Thus, from Eq. 5 and 7 we get
D
m
Dt Syste
 
 r  V  V  
 r  F  Sys
   (8)
sum of external torques
the time rate of change of the acing on the system
moment-of-momentum of the system
For a control volume that is instantaneously coincident

with the system, the torques acting on the system and on
the control volume contents will be identical
r  F  Sys

  r F  CV
   (9)
For the system and contents of the coincident control

transport theorem leads to

D

Dt sys
 
r  V  dV  
t CV
  
r  V  dV   r  V V .ndA
ˆ 
CS
   (10)
time rate of change   time rate of change
 of the moment-of- net rate of flow of 
of the moment-of-   
  moment-of-momentum 
momentum of the  momentum of the 
system  contents of the C.V
through the C.S 
For a control volume that is fixed and non deforming, we

can combine Eqs. 8 and 10 to obtain the moment-of-
momentum equation:


t CV
    ˆ   rF
r  V  dV   r  V V .ndA   Contents
of the control
CS volume
    (11)
An category of fluid mechanical problems that is readily

solved with the help of the moment-of-momentum
equation (Eq.11) involves machines that rotate or tend to
rotate around a single axis. Examples of these machines
include rotary lawn sprinklers, ceiling fans, wind
turbines, and gas turbine engines. As a class, these
devices are often called turbomachines.
Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
We simplify our use of moment-of-momentum equation

in several ways
• We assume that flows considered are 1-D (uniform
distributions of average velocity at any section).
• We define ourselves to steady or steady-in-the-mean
cyclical unsteady flows.

t  
r  V  dV  0
• We work only with the components of moment-of-

momentum equation resolved along the axis of
rotation.
Moment-of-Momentum – Torque
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at
the steady rate of 1000 ml/s. The exit area of each of the
two nozzles is 30 mm2, and the flow leaving each nozzle
is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis of
rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200 mm.
a) Determine the resisting torque required to hold the
sprinkler stationary.
b) Determine the resisting torque associated with th
sprinkler rotating with a constant speed of 500
rev/min.
c) Determine the speed of the sprinkler if no resisting
torque is applied.
Moment-of-Momentum – Torque
a) Determine the resisting torque

required to hold the sprinkler
stationary.
b)Determine the resisting torque
associated with th sprinkler rotating
with a constant speed of 500 rev/min.
c) Determine the speed of the sprinkler if
no resisting torque is applied.
Moment-of-Momentum – Power
An air fan has a bladed rotor of 0.3 m outside diameter
and 0.25 m inside diameter. The height of each rotor
blade is constant at 0.025 m from blade inlet to outlet.
The flow rate is steady, on a time-average basis, at 0.11
m3/s, and the absolute velocity of the air at blade inlet, V1
is radial. The blade discharge angle is 30o from the
tangential direction.
a) If the rotor rotates at a constant speed of 1725 rpm,
estimate the power required to run the fan.
b) What would be a reasonable blade inlet angle
(measured with respect to the tangential direction at
the inside diameter of the rotor?
Moment-of-Momentum – Power
0.3 m
0.25 m
0.025 m
Q = 0.11 m3/s
a) If the rotor rotates at a constant speed

of 1725 rpm, estimate the power
required to run the fan.
b) What would be a reasonable blade
inlet angle (measured with respect to
the tangential direction at the inside
diameter of the rotor?
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics- The Energy Equation
The first law of thermodynamics for a system is
time rate of  net time rate of net time rate of 
 energy addition energy addition 
increase of the   
  
total stored energy  by heat transfer by work transfer 
of the system  in to the system in to the system 
D

Dt sys
e dV    Q  Q 
in out sys   Win  Wout 
sys
D

Dt sys

e dV  Qnet in  Wnet in  sys
This equation is valid for inertial and noninertial

reference systems.
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation
The total stored energy per unit mass for each particle in
the system is given by
V2
eu  gz
2
Heat transfer and work transfer are considered “+” going
into the system and “ - ” coming out.
For the control volume that is coincident with the system

at an instant of time
Q net in  Wnet in  sys


 Qnet in  Wnet in  coincident
control volume
For a system and the contents of a coincident control
transport theorem allows us to conclude
D 

Dt sys
e dV  
t CV
e dV   eV .ndA
CS
ˆ

time rate of   
  increase of the flow of the total 
increase of the  
   total stored energy  stored energy 
total stored energy  
of the contents of out of the CV 
of the system   
 the CV through the CS 
By combining previous equation we get the control
volume formula for the first law of thermodynamics:


t CV
e dV   eV .ndA 
ˆ  Qnet in  Wnet in  CV
CS
In many instances, work is transferred across the control

surface by a moving shaft. For a rotating shaft, the power
transfer is
Wshaft  Tshaft
For problems involving more than one shaft
Wshaft  Wshaft Wshaft

net in in out
Work transfer can also occur at the control surface when
a force associated with fluid normal stress acts over a
distance.
  p
Simple, fully developed pipe flow
The power transfer associated with normal stresses

acting on a single fluid particle
 Wnormal stress   Fnormal stress V
 Wnormal stress   nˆ A V   pnˆ A V
  pV  nˆ A
For all fluid particles on the control surface at the instant
Wnormal    V  nˆ A    pV  nˆ A

stress cs cs
Work transfer can also occur at the control surface

because of tangential stress forces. For a fluid particle,
shear stress for power as the dot product of tangential
stress force and the fluid particle velocity. That is
 Wtangential stress   Ftangential stress V

By combining previous equation we get the control
volume formula for the first law of thermodynamics:


t CV
e dV   eV .ndA
CS
ˆ  Qnet in  Wshaft   pV  ndA
net in cs
ˆ
When the equation for total stored energy is considered,

we obtain the energy equation
 p V2 
CV e dV  CS  u    2  gz  V .ndA
ˆ  Qnet in  Wshaft
net in
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
In energy equation, the term  e dV

t CV
represents the time rate of change of the total stored
energy, e, of the contents of the control volume. This
term is zero when the flow is steady. This term also zero
in the mean when the flow is steady in the mean
(cyclical).
 p V 2

In E.E, the integrand of   u    gz  V .ndA
ˆ
CS 
 2 
can be nonzero only where fluid crosses the control
volume. Otherwise, V .nˆ is zero and the integrand is
zero for that portion of the control surface.
If the properties within parentheses are all assumed to be
uniformly distributed over the flow cross-sectional areas
involved, the integration becomes simple and gives
 p V2   p V2   p V2 
CS   2
u    gz  V . ˆ
ndA    u  
 2
 gz  m    u  
 2
 gz m
 flow   flow  
out in
If there is only one stream entering and leaving the

control volume, then
 p V2   p V2 
CS  u    2  gz  V .ndA
ˆ  u  
  2
 gz  mout
out
 p V2 
 u    gz  min
  2 in
If shaft work is involved, the flow must be unsteady, at

least locally. For example, the velocity and pressure at a
fixed location near the rotating blades of a fan are
unsteady. However, upstream and downstream of the
machine, the flow may be steady. Most often shaft work
is associated with flow that is unsteady in a recurring or
cyclical way.
On a time-average basis for flow that is one dimensional,

cyclical, and involves only one stream of fluid entering
and leaving the control volume, the energy equation can
simplified
  p  p  Vout 2  Vin 2 
m  uout  uin         g  zout  zin    Qnet  Wshaft
   out   in 2  in net in
The one-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-

the-mean flow. It is valid for incompressible and
compressible flows. Often, the fluid property called
enthalpy
p
h u

is used in energy equation with enthalpy
 Vout 2  Vin 2 
m  hout  hin   g  zout  zin    Qnet  Wshaft
 2  in net in
If the flow is steady throughout, one-dimensional, only
one fluid stream in involved, then the shaft work is zero
and the energy equation is
  p  p  Vout 2  Vin 2 
m  uout  uin         g  zout  zin    Qnet
   out   in 2  in
The one-dimensional steady flow energy equation. It is

valid for incompressible and compressible flows. For
compressible flows, enthalpy is most often used in the
energy equation
 Vout 2  Vin 2 
m  hout  hin   g  zout  zin    Qnet
 2  in
5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the
Bernoulli Equation
If the flow is steady throughout the control volume and
the flow is incompressible, we get
 pout pin Vout 2  Vin 2 

m  uout  uin     g  zout  zin    Qnet
   2  in
Dividing the above equation by the mass flow rate and

rearranging terms we obtain
pout Vout 2 pin Vin 2
  gzout    gzin   uout  uin  qnet in   (1)
 2  2
Qnet in
Where qnet in  is the heat transfer per unit mass
m
Bernoulli Equation
If the steady, incompressible flow involves negligible

viscous effects (frictionless flow), then the Bernoulli
equation
Vout 2 Vin 2
pout    zout  pin    zin
2 2
Dividing the above equation by density and obtain
  gzout    gzin    (2)
 2  2
A comparison of Eqs. 1 and 2 prompts us to conclude that

Bernoulli Equation
uout  uin  qnet in  0
When the steady incompressible flow is frictionless. For
steady incompressible flow with friction
uout  uin  qnet in  0
In Eqs. 1 and 2, we can consider the combinations of
variables as 2
p V
  gz  useful or available energy
 2
uout  uin  qnet in  loss of useful or available energy
  gzout    gzin  loss
 2  2
5.3.3 Application of the modified Energy Equation
An important group of fluid mechanics problems
involves one-dimensional, incompressible, steady-in-the-
mean flow with friction and shaft work. Included in this
category are constant density flows through pumps,
blowers, fans and turbines. For this kind of flow, the
energy equation becomes
 pout pin Vout 2  Vin 2 
m  uout  uin     g  zout  zin    Qnet  WShaft
   2  in net in
Dividing the above equation by mass flow rate

  gzout    gzin  wShaft   uout  uin  qnet in 
 2  2 net in
In the previous observation that
uout  uin  qnet in  loss of available energy
Thus, we conclude that the energy equation can be

expressed as
  gzout    gzin  wShaft  loss
 2  2 net in
This is a form of the energy equation for steady-in-the-

mean flow that is often used for incompressible flow
problems. It is sometimes called the mechanical energy
equation or the extended Bernoulli equation. It involves
energy per unit mass (N.m = m2/s2).
If the mechanical energy equation, which involves energy
per unit mass, is multiplied by fluid density, ρ, we obtain
previous observation that
Vout 2 Vin 2
pout    zout  pin    zin   wShaft   loss
2 2 net in
Where γ = ρg is the specific weight of the fluid. It

involves energy per unit volume and units involved are
identical with those used for pressure (N.m/m3 = N/m2).
V 2
p  z
2
Total pressure, if we neglect then it is stagnation pressure
If the mechanical energy equation is divided by
acceleration of gravity, g, we get
pout Vout 2 pin Vin 2

  zout    zin  hs  hL
 2g  2g
It involves energy per unit weight (N.m/N = m).
Where
wShaft net in WShaft net in
hs  shaft work head  
g Q
loss Wloss
hL  loss head  
g Q
An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that
delivers 0.4 kW of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6
m diameter axial stream of air having a speed of 12 m/s.
The flow upstream of the fan involves negligible speed.
Determine how much of the work to the air actually
produces useful effects, that is, fluid motion and a rise in
available energy. Estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency
of this fan.
The pump shown in figure adds 7.5 kW to the water as it
pumps water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The
elevation difference between the lake surfaces is 9 m and
the head loss is 4.5 m. Determine (a) the flowrate and (b)
the power loss associated with this flow.
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses
the control surface is not uniform, inspection of the
energy equation for a control volume suggests that the
following integral requires special attention.
V2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ
For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control

volume, we can define the relationship
V2
  outVout inVin2 
2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ  m
 2

2 

where  is the kinetic energy coefficient and V is the average

velocity. From the above we can conclude that
V2
m  V 2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ 
2
for flow through surface area A of the control surface.
Thus
2
V
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ

mV 2
2
It can be shown that for any velocity profile, α >= 1, with
α = 1 for only for uniform flow. Some typical velocity
profile examples for flow in a conventional pipe are
shown in the sketch below.
Therefore, for nonuniform velocity profiles, the energy
equation on an energy per unit mass basis for the
incompressible flow
pout  outVout 2 pin inVin 2
  gzout    gzin  wShaft  loss
 2  2 net in
On an energy per unit volume basis

 outVout 2  inVin 2
pout    zout  pin    zin   wShaft   loss
2 2 net in
and on an energy per unit weight or head basis

wShaft
pout  outVout 2
pin  inVin 2
  zout    zin   hL
net in
 2g  2g g

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Chapter 5

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Chapter 5

Finite Control Volume Analysis

System and control volume at three different instances of time. (a)

ˆ  volume flow rate

The control volume expression for conservation of

This equation states that to conserve mass the time rate

P1= 6.9 E05 Pa T2 = 250 K

W (relative velocity) = Fluid velocity

For a system and a moving, nondeforming control

The control volume expression for conservation of

non zero term net mass flow rate

The mass flow rate term must be determined with the

Any reference or coordinate system for which this

External forces acting on system and coincident C.V.

Fsys  FContents of the C.V

 time rate of net rate of 

Linear Momentum Equation

P1 = 6.9 × 105 Pa P2 = 1.3 × 105 Pa

If the flow is vertically

 time rate of net rate of 

External forces acting on system and coincident C.V.

Fsys  FContents of the C.V

Linear Momentum Equation

1. Flow is steady relative to the vane.

1. Flow is steady relative to the vane.

1. Flow is steady relative to the vane.

Not all control volumes are inertial; for example, a

the flow field, V(x,y,z,t), was specified relative to the

is valid only for velocities measured relative to an

The velocities with respect to the inertial (XYZ) and the

Vrf is the velocity of the control volume coordinates xyz

 time rate of net rate of 

External forces acting on system and coincident C.V.

For a nondeforming control volume that is moving with

Linear Momentum Equation

This force does not arise

1. Fsx = 0, since no resistance is present.

A small rocket, with an initial

where V  particle velocity measured in an interial reference

where r is the position vector from the origin of the

since the sequential order of differentiation and integration can be

For a control volume that is instantaneously coincident

For the system and contents of the coincident control

For a control volume that is fixed and non deforming, we

An category of fluid mechanical problems that is readily

We simplify our use of moment-of-momentum equation

• We work only with the components of moment-of-

a) Determine the resisting torque

a) If the rotor rotates at a constant speed

This equation is valid for inertial and noninertial

For the control volume that is coincident with the system

Q net in  Wnet in  sys

 time rate of net rate of 

In many instances, work is transferred across the control

For problems involving more than one shaft

Wshaft  Wshaft Wshaft

The power transfer associated with normal stresses

Wnormal    V  nˆ A    pV  nˆ A

Work transfer can also occur at the control surface

 Wtangential stress   Ftangential stress V

When the equation for total stored energy is considered,

If there is only one stream entering and leaving the

If shaft work is involved, the flow must be unsteady, at

On a time-average basis for flow that is one dimensional,