Early and Middle Adulthood

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Human Development > Early and Middle Adulthood
Early and Middle Adulthood

• Physical Development in Adulthood
• Cognitive Development in Adulthood
• Socioemotional Development in Adulthood
• Relationships and Families in Adulthood
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Physical Development in Adulthood

• Adults experiences age-related changes based on many factors: biological factors
such as molecular and cellular changes are called primary aging, while aging that
occurs due to controllable factors, such as lack of physical exercise and poor diet,
is called secondary aging.
• In early adulthood (ages 20–40), our physical abilities are at their peak, including
muscle strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac functioning.
• The aging process also begins during early adulthood and is characterized by
changes in skin, vision, and reproductive capability.
• Aging speeds up during middle adulthood (ages 40–65) and is characterized by Aging factors
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decline in vision, hearing, and immune-system functioning, as well as the end of
reproductive capability for women, known as menopause.
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development-in-adulthood-287-
Cognitive Development in Adulthood

• Unlike our physical abilities, which peak in our mid-20s and then begin a slow
decline, our cognitive abilities remain relatively steady throughout early and
middle adulthood.
• Since Piaget's theory of cognitive development, other developmental

psychologists have suggested a fifth stage of cognitive development, known as
postformal operational thinking.
• Early adulthood is a time of relativistic thinking, in which young people begin to

become aware of more complexities in life.
• Two forms of intelligence—crystallized and fluid—are the main focus of middle Intelligence
adulthood. While crystallized intelligence grows steadily, fluid intelligence starts to
decline even prior to mid-adulthood.
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74/cognitive-development-in-adulthood-288-
Socioemotional Development in Adulthood

• There are many social and emotional factors that influence aging. For those in
early and middle adulthood, meaning is often found through work and family life—
two areas that correspond with Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of
development.
• According to Erikson, intimacy vs. isolation is a stage of psychosocial

development in which people face the crisis of being alone versus being involved
in meaningful relationships.
• Positive relationships with significant others in our adult years have been found to
contribute to a state of well-being. Social relationships in adulthood
• Erikson's stage of generativity vs. stagnation revolves around a person's sense of
their contribution to the world.
• Central tasks during middle adulthood can include maintaining healthy life
patterns, raising children or in some way helping future generations, being proud
of one's accomplishments, or taking care of aging parents.
74/socioemotional-development-in-adulthood-289-
Relationships and Families in Adulthood

• An interpersonal relationship is a strong, deep, or close association or
acquaintanceship between two or more people that may range from brief to
enduring in duration.
• Interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during

their existence. Like living organisms, relationships have a beginning, a lifespan,
and an end.
• One of the most influential models of relationship development was proposed by

psychologist George Levinger. His model consists of five stages:
acquaintanceship, buildup, continuation, deterioration, and termination. A Nepali Hindu couple in a marriage ceremony
• M. L. Knapp developed a model of relational development, consisting of two main
stages: the coming-together stage and coming-apart stage.
• Coming together consists of five phases—initiating, experimentation, intensifying,

integration, and bonding. Similarly, coming apart consists of differentiating,
circumscribing, stagnation, avoidance, and termination.
74/relationships-and-families-in-adulthood-290-
Appendix
Human Development
Key terms
• constructive Carefully considered and meant to be helpful.
• contradiction A logical incompatibility among two or more elements or propositions.
• dialectic Any formal system of reasoning that arrives at a truth by the exchange of logical arguments; a contradiction of ideas
that serves as the determining factor in their interaction.
• generativity Contributing to the development of others and of future generations; productivity and creativity; the act of helping
society move forward.
• glaucoma An eye disease or disorder of the optic nerve that, if untreated, may lead to damage to the optic disc of the eye and
resultant visual-field loss, which can lead to blindness.
• heterosexual Sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex.
• interpersonal Existing between two or more people.
• menopause The ending of menstruation; the time in a woman's life when this happens.
• presbyopia Inability of the eye, due to aging, to focus on nearby objects; farsightedness.
Human Development
Loneliness and depression

Middle aged and elderly adults are more likely to suffer depression due to loneliness.
Wikimedia. "Depression-loss of loved one." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Depression-loss_of_loved_one.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Social relationships in adulthood

Social relationships are important to overall well-being in early and middle adulthood. (credit: Philippe Put)
Open Stax. "CNX_Psych_09_04_Cognitive.jpg." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:52/Psychology View on
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Human Development
Family taking care of elderly relatives

Many elderly people need assistance in meeting daily needs as they age, making them easy targets for elderly abuse.
Flickr. "Saying farewell to Nana after 88th birthday cookies | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY 2.0 http://www.flickr.com/photos/tim_and_selena/1460656644/ View on
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Human Development
A Nepali Hindu couple in a marriage ceremony

Interpersonal relationships take many forms in many different cultures.
Wikipedia. "Bride Groom NP." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bride_Groom_NP.JPG View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Aging factors
As an individual progresses through adulthood, a variety of factors can affect the aging process.
Wikimedia. "Aging Factors." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aging_Factors.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Intelligence
Cognitive ability changes over the course of a person's lifespan, but keeping the mind engaged and active is the best way to keep thinking sharp.
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Human Development
Menopause occurs during what stage of adulthood?
A) Late
B) Early
C) Middle
D) After death
Human Development
Menopause occurs during what stage of adulthood?
A) Late
B) Early
C) Middle
D) After death
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Human Development
What aspect of intelligence is at its peak in middle adulthood?
A) Fluid intelligence
B) Practical problem solving
C) Processing speed
D) Flexible thinking
Human Development
What aspect of intelligence is at its peak in middle adulthood?
A) Fluid intelligence
B) Practical problem solving
C) Processing speed
D) Flexible thinking
Human Development
Mary, who is 85 and healthy, is suddenly living alone following the

death of her husband. She is also no longer able to do the knitting
projects she loves due to arthritis. Which of the following could
help her to stay in otherwise good health?
A) Continuing to see her friends and family.
B) Finding a new hobby to replace knitting.
C) Finding someone to help with chores that have become difficult.
D) All of these answers.
Human Development
Mary, who is 85 and healthy, is suddenly living alone following the

death of her husband. She is also no longer able to do the knitting
projects she loves due to arthritis. Which of the following could
help her to stay in otherwise good health?
A) Continuing to see her friends and family.
B) Finding a new hobby to replace knitting.
C) Finding someone to help with chores that have become difficult.
D) All of these answers.
Human Development
According to Knapp's model of relational development, two people

who are doing their best to impress one another in hopes of
entering into a relationships are in what phase?
A) Intensifying
B) Initiating
C) Integration
D) Bonding
Human Development
According to Knapp's model of relational development, two people

who are doing their best to impress one another in hopes of
entering into a relationships are in what phase?
A) Intensifying
B) Initiating
C) Integration
D) Bonding
Human Development
Attribution
• Open Stax. "Stages of Development." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:52/Psychology
• Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Development: birth through death." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Development:_birth_through_death#Adulthood
• Connexions. "The Process of Aging." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42876/latest/?collection=col11407/1.7
• Wikipedia. "Alzheimer's disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%2527s_disease
• Wiktionary. "menopause." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/menopause
• Wiktionary. "Alzheimer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alzheimer?s+disease
• Wiktionary. "glaucoma." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glaucoma
• Wiktionary. "presbyopia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/presbyopia
• Open Stax. "Lifespan Theories." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
• Open Stax. "Stages of Development." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
• Wikipedia. "Constructive Developmental Framework." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_Developmental_Framework#Eras_of_adult_cognitive_development
• Wikipedia. "Cognitive development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development
• Connexions. "Social Cognition and Interpersonal Behavior." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m43702/latest/
• Wiktionary. "dialectic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dialectic
• Wiktionary. "contradiction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contradiction
• Wiktionary. "constructive." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/constructive
• Wikibooks. "Psychiatric Disorders/Substance abuse disorders." Free
CCtoBY-SA 3.0
share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Human Development
• Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Development: birth through death." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Development:_birth_through_death#Adulthood
• Connexions. "The Process of Aging." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42876/latest/?collection=col11407/1.7
• Connexions. "Challenges Facing the Elderly." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42880/latest/
• Wiktionary. "senescence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/senescence
• Wikipedia. "Knapp's Relational Development Model." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapp%2527s_Relational_Development_Model
• Wikipedia. "Interpersonal relationship." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship
• Wikipedia. "Attachment in adults." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_in_adults#Relationship_dynamics
• Wikibooks. "Relationships/Adulthood." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Relationships/Adulthood
• Wiktionary. "heterosexual." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterosexual
• Wiktionary. "interpersonal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interpersonal
• Wiktionary. "acquaintance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acquaintance

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Early and Middle Adulthood

Physical Development in Adulthood

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

• Since Piaget's theory of cognitive development, other developmental

• Early adulthood is a time of relativistic thinking, in which young people begin to

Socioemotional Development in Adulthood

• According to Erikson, intimacy vs. isolation is a stage of psychosocial

Relationships and Families in Adulthood

• Interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during

• One of the most influential models of relationship development was proposed by

• Coming together consists of five phases—initiating, experimentation, intensifying,

Loneliness and depression

Social relationships in adulthood

Family taking care of elderly relatives

A Nepali Hindu couple in a marriage ceremony

Menopause occurs during what stage of adulthood?

Menopause occurs during what stage of adulthood?

What aspect of intelligence is at its peak in middle adulthood?

B) Practical problem solving

What aspect of intelligence is at its peak in middle adulthood?

B) Practical problem solving

Mary, who is 85 and healthy, is suddenly living alone following the

A) Continuing to see her friends and family.

B) Finding a new hobby to replace knitting.

C) Finding someone to help with chores that have become difficult.

D) All of these answers.

Mary, who is 85 and healthy, is suddenly living alone following the

A) Continuing to see her friends and family.

B) Finding a new hobby to replace knitting.

C) Finding someone to help with chores that have become difficult.

D) All of these answers.

According to Knapp's model of relational development, two people

According to Knapp's model of relational development, two people

• Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Development: birth through death." CC BY-SA 3.0

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