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Abstract

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an emerging technology, which


promises to advance the modern industrial practices in object identification
and tracking, asset management and inventory control. This technology is
being evaluated and implemented successfully in many manufacturing and
distribution environments, retail stores and defense installations.

The scope of RFID is rapidly shifting from tracking objects (present or


absent) to monitoring the condition (where and how) of engineering
systems. The integration of sensors with RF tags (Smart Sensors) enables
RFID technology to gather and process sensor data in addition to identifying
and tracking the object. The deeper ramification of such RFID systems for
monitoring manufacturing systems remains largely unexplored and
untapped.

The focus of the presentation will be to present the results of our in-depth
review of the current and emerging technologies and applications based on
RFID and Smart sensors for depot support and logistics environments and
for machine condition monitoring.
Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID)
Radio-Frequency identification (RFID) is
generic term for technologies which use
RF waves to identify, track or categorize
any object
RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require
physical sight or contact between reader
and the tagged object
RFID System Components
Tags (Transponders)
Attached to the object to be identified, stores information (unique code)
about object and sends this information back to reader when receives
appropriate frequency signals

Reader/Interrogator
Reader sends signals of appropriate frequency and
facilitates data transfer

Antenna
Antenna radiates the RF signal to, and receives signal from the
transponder

Interface
This unit interfaces the reader to an intelligent device / controller

Host/Controller (PC/Laptop)
Computer with suitable software controls RFID readers
How system works?

Controller activates RFID reader to send RF signals


Reader sends the signal of appropriate frequency (LF,HF,UHF,MW)
Tag receives and modifies the signal
Tag sends modified signals back through tag antenna
Reader antenna receives the modified signal and reader decodes it
Controller analyzes the results
RFID and Smart Sensors

Sensors can be integrated with RF tags


(Smart Sensors) and sensor data can be
communicated using RF waves
This enables RFID systems to gather and
process sensor data in addition to identifying
and tracking object
Applications:
Machine Health Monitoring, Fluid
Composition Detection.
Applications in Depot Support Environment
Warehouse

Vehicle Inspection
Vehicle brought Vehicle history Material request
to maintenance Vehicle tag sheet retrieved sent to the
shop detected by warehouse and
readers material retrieved
Benefits
mounted in as per history
the gates sheet
Automatic
Operation
ERP System
Shop
Time
Management

Quality
Management
Vehicle sent to Appropriate Operation
appropriate technician informed Sequencing and
Poka - Yoke as per schedule via
machines and Scheduling done
database updated mobile as per availability
Material after each communication of machines
Management operation
Applications in Logistics Warehouse
Supplier Site Transit

Parts recognized and


Parts properly tagged Mode of transit tracked
database updated at
at supplier site and at every designated halt
warehouse gate
inventory database by Through satellite
updated communication

Benefits

Real Time Inventory


Parts grouped and stored
Tracking in the ASRS
Eliminating
Inventory Shrinkage
Request sent to ASRS
Cycle time Readers mounted on
Reduction forklift trace and track
the parts out of the
Information warehouse to
Visibility appropriate shop

Delay Reduction ERP System


Applications in Monitoring Health of Machines
DEPARTMENT OF MACHINE MAINTENANCE

Lubrication Tribology Tool Metrology


& Coolant Engineering

The database
Benefits sorts data &
MACHINE CONDITION MONITORING DATABASE
sends to
Reduction in appropriate
Lubricant level Tool wear Table alignment
response time Bearing condition department

Quality
management

Reduction of
scrap

Predictive
maintenance

RFID based Smart Sensors send critical information


about machine parameters to the central database
Tag Selection Guide
Factors affecting Tag Selection
TAG / TRANSPONDER

Application Read Range Form Factor Standard


Compliance
What is Short Range
application? Long Range ISO/IEC
EPC Gen 1, 2

Frequency Functionality Environmental


Range Conditions
Passive
LF 125,134 KHz Active RF friendly
Semi Passive
Vicinity of Metals
HF 13.56 MHz
& Liquids
UHF 902-928
MHz

Microwave
2.45 GHz
Reader Selection Guide
Factors affecting Reader Selection
Reader/Interrogator

Application Read Range Form Factor Standard


Compliance
What is Short Range
application? Long Range ISO/IEC
EPC Gen 1, 2

Frequency Functionality Environmental


Range Conditions
Passive
LF 125,134 KHz Active RF friendly
Semi Passive
Vicinity of Metals
HF 13.56 MHz
& Liquids
UHF 902-928
MHz

Microwave
2.45 GHz
Coupling, field & applications based on frequency

Short Range Long Range


Coupling, Field & Application

Applications Applications

Powered by EM field Powered by Radio-waves

Near Field Far Field


Communication Communication

Induction Coupling Propagation or Backscatter


Coupling

LF HF UHF Micro-Wave
125-134 13.56 902-928 2.45
KHz MHz MHz GHz
Frequency Allocation as per region
Region 3 2.4 2.48 GHz
Japan
950-956 MHz

13.56 MHz
Geographical Regions

125 134 KHz

Region 2 2.4 2.48 GHz

US & Canada, 902-928 MHz


Pacific East of
13.56 MHz
international
date line 125 134 KHz

Region 1 2.4 2.48 GHz

868-870 MHz
Europe, Middle
13.56 MHz
East, Africa,
Former Soviet 125 134 KHz
Union

LF HF UHF Micro-Wave
Air Interface Protocol

LF
ISO/IEC 18000-2

KHz
125-134
HF
ISO/IEC 18000-3

MHz
13.56
EPC Gen 1

MHz
UHF
902-928 ISO/IEC 18000-6

EPC Gen 1, Gen 2


2.45

ISO/IEC 18000-4
GHz
Micro-wave
Air Interface Protocols standards over frequency range
Max. Possible Read Range based on frequency range
Typical applications based on frequency range
Long Range Applications
Micro-Wave
2.45 GHz Applications requiring large data transfer
Automatic Toll Collection Systems
Supply Chain Applications

UHF Long Range Systems: Range>1m


902-928 MHz
Dock Door Reading
Asset management in Warehouse
Overhead reading
Smart Shelves
Frequency Range

Baggage Tracking

HF Short Range Systems: up to 1 m


13.56 MHz Applications in vicinity of metals and liquids
Animal Identification
Item Level Tracking Baggage handling
Smart Shelves

Short Range Systems


LF
125-134 KHz Electronic Door Locking System
Contact less Smart Card System
POS applications

Typical Applications

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