Terumbu Karang

Terumbu Karang = Coral Reefs

Reef = terumbu serangkaian struktur keras dan padat yang

berada di dalam atau dekat permukaan air

Coral = karang organisme laut invertebrata, berbentuk

polip, berukuran mikroskopis, mampu menyerap kapur dan
mengendapkannya

TERUMBU KARANG bangunan kapur raksasa yang dibentuk

dan dihasilkan oleh binatang karang dan organisme berkapur
lainnya membentuk suatu ekosistem yang kompak sebagai
habitat bagi biota-biota laut
KARANG BATU BATU KARANG
karang hidup khusus karang yang sudah mati
berkapur berupa kapur
 Reef building corals have a symbiotic
relationship with a single celled algae.

The small brown dots in the coral polyps in the picture above
are a single celled algae (zooxanthellae) A symbiotic
relationship is formed when two different species live
together and use each other for survival
Zooxanthella

Warna polip/koloni: hijau, coklat, merah, ungu, dll alga

mikroskopik
What are corals?
Bleaching
Warna karang pudar/putih
akibat berbagai macam tekanan
(alami dan manusia), akibat
hilangnya zooxanthella dari
jaringan karang.

Jumlah zooxanthella yang

hilang 60 90 %, yang masih
tersisa pigmennya pun hilang
50 80%

Kenaikan suhu yang

berkepanjangan bisa
menyebabkan kematian seluruh
karang hidup di terumbu karang
 Posisi Lintang
Kedalaman
Intensitas cahaya
Sedimentasi
Salinitas
Profil lereng terumbu
Tipe spesies karang
Arus
 Fringing Reefs
Grow close to shore
Shallow lagoon or no
lagoon at all
Encounter coastal
development and
pollution because of
being on the Island
 Barrier Reefs
Parallel to the shore
Separated by a wide
lagoon with deep
portions
Example: Great Barrier
Reef
Largest barrier reefs
develop on edges of
continental shelves
 Atoll Reefs
Circular reef
surrounding a large,
deep central lagoon
Common in Indo-Pacific
region
100 miles in diameter
 Reproduksi

Generatif MEMBENTUK
KOLONI BARU
 Reproduksi
Vegetatif MEMPERBESAR
BENTUK KOLONI
 Coral Reef

http://www.epa.gov/bioiweb1/images/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/Paleoclim
atology_CloseUp/Images/coral_reef.jpg
coral_reef13_Img_3920.jpg
The Beautiful
Coral Reef

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Nwhi_-
_French_Frigate_Shoals_reef__many_fish.jpg
 Where are Coral Reefs Located?
Coral reefs can be found between 30
degrees north and south latitude, the
greatest concentration is found
between 4 degrees north and south
latitude in the western portions of all
major oceans. The are commonly
located off the coast of continents.
There are two broad categories of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs
coral reefs: shelf reefs and oceanic
reefs. Shelf reefs include fringing
reefs, platform reefs, bank reefs, and
barrier reefs and are located on the
continental shelf, while oceanic reefs
are found off the continental shelf
growing around the margins of
volcanic islands.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/biomes/coralreef/coralreef.shtml
World population distribution
 Dominant Animals In Coral Reef

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/marine.php#reefs

The dominant species in

the coral reef is mainly
coral. Everything in the
coral reef revolves
around coral. Other Sea Star on Coral
dominant species in the http://www.adamaqua.com/photo/05_coral_reef_scene.jpg
 CORAL FISH
Blue tang
Acanthurus coeruleus

Nassau grouper
Epinephelus striatus

Four-eyed butterflyfish
Chaetodon capistratus

Queen triggerfish Queen parrotfish Yellowtail snapper

Balistes vetula Scarus vetula Ocyurus chrysururs
Caribbean Fish

n An amazing diversity.
Factors for fish and coral reef
habitats
Proximity to the coast.
Exposure to wave action.
Currents.
Light levels.
Amount of algae.
Plankton and other food.
Abundance/shape/varieties of
coral and other shelter.
= LOTS OF PLACES TO LIVE!
Factors for fish and coral reef
habitats
Proximity to the coast.
Exposure to wave action.
Currents.
Light levels.
Amount of algae.
Plankton and other food.
Abundance/shape/varieties of
coral and other shelter.
= LOTS OF PLACES TO LIVE!
 Reproduction
Methods:
Spawning (sperm and
eggs released in open
water).
Scattering eggs over
substratum.
Preparing/defending nests
on bottom.
Carrying fertilized eggs
inside mouth or pouch.
Feeding: HERBIVORES
Feed on algae located on the
coral reefs.
Control algae abundance on the
reef and keep the hard surfaces
clean and allow new corals to
grow or invertebrates to attach to
the substrate.
There is some evidence that
herbivorous fish have bacteria in
their guts, much like cows, to
allow them to digest more
nutrients from the algae.
Surgeonfish, damselfish, parrotfish.
 Invertebrate Predators
They play an
important role on
composition of prey
communities.
Butterfly fish,
angelfish, wrasse.

This group includes the largest

number of coral reef fish species.
They eat coral polyps, sessile
inverts, and some mobile inverts.
 Omnivores /
Carnivores

They influence the

composition of prey
communities.
Eat well-armored inverts,
crustaceans, star-fish,
some algae.
 Reef
Fish

Butterfly Fish:
Chaetodontidae

Butterfly fish have a rounded tail, like a butterfly's wing. (Put two
together nose to nose and you get the whole butterfly!)
Usually seen in pairs, butterfly fish are one of the only fish that
mate for life.
 Reef Fish

Angel Fish:
Pomacanthidae

Angelfish - Streaming dorsal, anal and tail fins,

like an angel's gown. Some of the Angelfish's
favorite foods are sponges. They are usually
found around colorful coral reef bottom.
 Reef Fish
Damselfish -
Pomacentridae

Most Damsels are algae eating fish that actually

stake out a territory on the reef in which to farm their
favorite algae for food.
If another fish comes too close, or even a diver for
that matter, the damselfish will charge out and chase
the intruder away, regardless of size.
For that reason we say damselfish are very selfish
with their territory. In fact, they are Dam -Selfish!
 Reef
Fish

Eagle Rays
Eagle Rays fly through the water by flapping their long, pectoral fins.
They gather in large schools and feed on bottom dwellers such as
mollusks and clams.
They have flat teeth that crush shell fish and strong suction which
draws in the prey.
They also have a strong, serrated, venomous spine near the base of
the tail.
 Grunts - Haemulidae
Reef Fish
Goatfishes get their name from the
set of barbels hanging under their
chin.
These barbels are used in feeding to
detect small shrimp, crabs and Grunts are often found
worms buried in the sand. schooling under and around
The Yellow Goatfish looks much ledges during the daytime.
like a Yellowtail Snapper if not for They are nocturnal feeders that
the barbels. move out to surrounding grass
These barbels can be folded up into beds to feed on small fish and
a concealed location under the chin. invertebrates at night.
Grunts get their name by
making grunting sounds when
Goatfish threatened. They do this by
rubbing bony teeth plates
together in the back of their
throat.
Grunts lack any prominent
teeth in the front of the mouth.
 Reef Moray Eels

Fish

Though looking like snakes, eels are fish.

They have a bad reputation mainly due to the constant opening
and closing of their sharp toothed mouths.
However, this is not a threat to divers, as this action pumps
water through their gills. Most eels are actually very shy.
The Green Moray is the largest of the Caribbean morays.
 Reef Fish

Jacks- Carangidae

Silvery fish are most often found in areas where they

blend in with the background - open water where their
color reflects light or sandy bottoms that are fairly
lacking in coloration.
Jacks have streamlined bodies, forked tails and long
pectorals are characteristics of the Jacks.
Voracious predators, Jacks tend to swim quickly and
constantly around the reef.
 Reef Nurse Shark
Fish

The nurse shark is the most commonly sighted shark in the

Caribbean due to its docile nature and habit of laying still on
the bottom under a ledge.
They can often be approached, though like many animal
should never be antagonized. They can still bite!
 Reef Fish

Parrotfish - Scaridae
Parrotfish continually graze the hard bottom, using their
parrot-like beak of fused teeth to scrape a bite of algae.
Often, hard calcium carbonate is ingested with the algae and
processed by a second set of plates in the back of the throat.
Parrotfish digest the algae and expel the rest through their
digestive system.
The resulting by-product is sand! It is estimated that a large
Parrotfish can produce over one ton of sand each year.
 Reef Fish
Sea Basses -
Groupers

Groupers are found on fine dining menus around the world and
are consequently under extremely heavy fishing pressure.
A top of the line predator, groupers grow very slowly and can
be many decades old.
They are hermaphrodites, starting life as females and after a
number of years, change sex to end life as males.
Sharks and rays are the only
fish that have a skeleton
made up of cartilage.
They are some of the most
ancient creatures in the sea.
Reef Fish
The large Southern Stingray is
normally found half buried in
the sand next to the reef and
has no markings on a gray to
brown body.

Stingray
Sandbar Shark

Sandbar sharks have a

10 heavy body , are dark
grey to brown above and
light below.
 Snappers-Lutjanidae Reef
Fish
Snappers tend to hang
out under ledges in the
daytime.

They get their family name because they snap their

mouths open and shut when caught on a fishing line.
Fishermen reaching into the mouth to remove the
hook often receive a nasty bite from the sharp pointed
teeth in the front of the mouth. These teeth are often
visible to a diver during a close approach.
 Reef Fish

Surgeonfish-
Acanthuridae
Surgeonfish have a very sharp spine at the base of
the tall that is referred to as a scalpel. The Surgeon
wields the scalpel.
They are also very important grazers on the reef
system, continually keeping excess algae growth in
check to keep corals from being smothered and
providing new clean areas on the bottom for new
corals to attach.
 Reef Fish

Triggerfish

Triggerfish have a short, stout spine just behind the

head that can be locked in place when the fish
wedges itself into a crevice.
This makes it almost impossible for a predator to pull
it out.
The only way to release the spine is to push on a
second "trigger" spine located behind the first.
Coral spawning

Corals
reproduce by
spawning.
Thousands of
baby corals are
expelled at
once by adult
coral polyps.
This coral
suffers from
yellow band
disease.
Butterfly fish

Butterfly fish
flock around the
coral during the
seasonal
spawning.
They eat the
gametes as they
are released.
This limits the
number of new
corals that can
grow.
Damsel Fish
Damsel fish inhabit
every type of reef from
shallow patch reef to
deep fringing reefs.
They take numerous
bites on coral heads
which kills the coral.
Algae will then grow on
the coral, which is what
these fish eat.
These fish protect their
gardens of algae from
intruders.
Parrot Fish
Parrot Fish
sometimes
injure coral
while trying
to eat the
algae that
grows on and
around it.
Their sharp
beaks leave
grazing scars
on the coral.
Trigger fish
This is a trigger
fish. He is really
neat to watch
while he is
swimming. He
doesnt swim like
normal fish.
They prefer to
live in deeper
water, about 50
deep or more, but
sometimes they
visit more
shallow reefs to
feed.
Soft Pink Sea Coral
These are soft
corals. The pink
fingers to the left are
dead. The fuzzy
ones to the right are
alive.
There are other
small corals growing
on the dead fingers.
There is another
species of
encrusting coral
growing on a rock,
in the background.
Elkhorn coral
Elkhorn coral grows
very slowly but can
grow to be one of
the largest corals in
a coral reef.
It is very rare on
shallow reefs and is
more common
deeper in the ocean.
It is very susceptible
to disease &
breakage during
storms & climate
change.
Christmas tree worms

These are
Christmas
tree worms.
They are
living on star
coral.
 Barrier
Reef

This is a trigger fish swimming above a barrier reef.

A barrier reef grows around an island or other body of
land and provides protection for the island from storms
and large sea waves.
OOPS! My suit has a leak!
As I was about to go
down the reef wall, I
noticed my suit was
loosing pressure and
my lungs and ears
were hurting.
The regulator was
broken.
I knew it would be
unsafe to dive any
deeper.
My buddies went
ahead and I decided to
explore the coral reefs
some more.
Purple
sponge
This is a bicolor
damsel fish
swimming above
a purple sponge.
Sponges
generally
compete for
space on a coral
reef.
They colonize in
spaces between
the living tissues
on coral.
 Sponges increase while Corals decrease

Sponges have increased in numbers recently

because of pollution and nutrient runoff coming from
the surrounding islands.
Corals are very sensitive to environmental changes
and will die from pollution, too many nutrients and
sea surface temperature changes.
 This little fish is hiding amongst the finger and soft
coral.
 Sea Fan

This is a sea fan

growing on a coral
boulder.
A sea fan is a type of
soft coral.
By watching the
movement of the fan,
you can tell the
direction of the sea
currents.
 Sick
Coral

This is a lot
of coral that
died from
disease.
It is being
overgrown
by colorful
sponges and
algae.
 Bicolor
basslet

Bicolor basslets are very small and live in coral reefs.

They hide in the coral when predators come around.
People like to use them in salt water fish tanks.
 Flute fish

Flute fish look

like sea snakes.
They are found
in all types of
coral reefs.
They are night
feeders and float
near the surface
of the water
sucking in
plankton.
 Camouflage

This tiny fish takes advantage of the camouflage of this

pink flower coral.
 Crabs
This Arrow crab,
along with many
other crustaceans
live in the inter-
tidal zone feeding
off of creatures
smaller than
themselves.
Their hard
exoskeleton gives
them some
protection from
predators.
 Spiny and slipper
Spiny Lobster lobsters are common
in the Caribbean.
They do not have
large claws like the
Northern Atlantic
lobster.
They dig out spaces
in the sand under
coral, or find
crevices to hide in
during the day.
They come out to eat
at night and feed on
both live and dead
prey.
 Jewfish

Jewfish are
common in
coral reefs.
They are really
big and ugly.
They are
carnivores.
 Grouper
Groupers are
also really big
and fat and
ugly.
They are
carnivores
and eat
smaller fish.
They are near
the top of the
coral reef food
chain.