BJT Amplifiers
6-1:Amplifier Operation: The biasing of a transistor is purely a de
operation to establish a Q-point about which variations in current and
voltage can occur in response to an ac input signal
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AC Quantities
@ ac and de quantities are usually
represented by capital letters with a change
in the subscripts “
= de quantities: capital non-italic
subscripts like Ig, Jo, Tg, Vo. Ves Vege
mac quantities: small italic subscripts,
for example, J, I,, I,, V., and V,,
ac quantities may be represented in rms,
average, peak, peak to peak. rms values
will be used unless otherwise stated. 6
@ ac instantaneous quantities are represented by small letters with
Lowercase small italic subscripts like i,, i,, i;, v,. and v,,
@ Resistance is also identified with a small letter of small subscript when
analyzed from an ac standpoint.
Representation of V,
instantaneous6-1:Amplifier Operation:
The linear amplifier
@ A linear amplifier provides amplification of a signal without any
distortion > output signal is an exact amplified replica of the input signal.
Wee
ac source of internal -
resistance R, coupled Myo a ae k
to the base through Cc, ‘
+ Load resistance +
I The coupling capacitors block de: and thus R, coupled to
prevent R, and R, from changing the de bias the collector
voltages at the base and collector. through C,
@ For the amplifier shown, notice that the voltage waveform is inverted
between the input V,and output /,, but has the same shape.6-1:Amplifier Operation:
AC Load Line
Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line as
shown.
@ The ac load line is different than the de load line because a capacitor
looks open to de but effectively acts as a short to ac > the collector resistor
R, appears to be in parallel with the load resistor R,.6-2: Transistor AC Models:
@ A transistor in an amplifier circuit can be represent by a model circuit.
The transistor model circuit based on various internal transistor
resistance parameters r that can represent its operation.
IN Five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used for detailed analysis
of a BIT circuit. For most analysis work, the simplified r-parameters give
good results.
r parameters.
a SCRIPTIO
Cae ac alpha (Io/.)
Bac ac beta (Ie/ tp)
ra ac emitter resistance
ac base resistance
te ac collector resistance6-2: Transistor AC Models:
r-Parameter Transistor Model
Gacle
=Bacly |e Bacto
(a) Generalized r-parameter (b) Simplified r parameter
model for a BIT model fora BIT
Hence for simplified r-parameter, we have 3E mv
only ré, to be used. 1% can be derived (=P) at20ec
assuming an abrupt p-n junctions > E6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
In the common-emitter (CE) amplifier, the input signal is applied to the
base and the inverted output is taken from the collector. The emitter or
ground is common to ac signals (V,, and V,,,) as shown. CE amplifiers has
high voltage gain and high current gain.
wav -
8.20 Vp
Var
Boc= 150, Bye = 160
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A common-emitter amplifier with voltage-divider bias and coupling capacitors C,
and C; on the input and output and a bypass capacitor, C,, from emitter to ground.
Output voltage has a 180° phase differeace from input voltage.6-4: The Common-collector Amplifier
@ The common-collector (CC) amplifier is usually referred to as an
emitter-follower (EF). The input is applied to the base through a coupling
capacitor, and the output is at the emitter (no phase change between input
and output). The voltage gain of a CC amplifier is approximately 1, and its
main advantages are its high input resistance and current gain. The high
input resistance is very useful to minimize the loading effect specially when
circuit is driving a low-resistance load> CC amplifier is used as a Buffer.6-4: The Common-Base Amplifier
@ The common-base (CB) amplifier provides high voltage gain with a
maximum current gain of 1. Since it has a low input resistance.
A typical common-base amplifier is shown in figure below. The base is
the common terminal and is at ac ground because of capacitor C,. The
input signal is capacitively coupled to the emitter. The output is
capacitively coupled from the collector to a load resistor.
Nec
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