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DEVICES
Modem
A modem is a computer peripheral that allows us to
connect and communicate with other computers via
telephone lines.
Wired Wireless
HUB
Layer Physical layer. Hubs are classified as Data Link Layer. Network switches operate at
Layer 1 devices per the OSI model. Layer 2 of the OSI model.
Function To connect a network of personal Allow to connect multiple device and port can be
computers together, they can be joined manage, Vlan can create security also can apply
through a central hub.
Data Transmission form Electrical signal or bits Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3 switch)
Transmission Type Hubs always perform frame flooding; First broadcast; then unicast & multicast as needed.
may be unicast, multicast or broadcast
Device Type Passive Device (Without Software) Active Device (With Software) & Networking
device
Table A network hub cannot learn or store Switches use content accessible memory CAM
MAC address. table which is typically accessed by ASIC
(Application Specific integrated chips).
Transmission Mode Half duplex Half/Full duplex
Speed 10Mbps 10/100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
Collisions Collisions occur commonly in setups No collisions occur in a full-duplex switch.
using hubs.
Bridges
A bridge is a computer networking device that builds the
connection with the other bridge networks which use the same
protocol. It works at the Data Link layer of the OSI Model and
connects the different networks together and develops
communication between them. It connects two local-area
networks; two physical LANs into larger logical LAN or
twosegmentsof the same LAN that use the same protocol.
Forwarding Function:
When packets need to be sent to a host or hosts on
another network, they are forwarded to a router that
is connected to that particular local network. The
router to which the packet is forwarded will then
check its routing tables to determine the path the
packet should take. Packets are usually sent along
the path with lowest cost value or metric.
Router function
Cont
Filtering Function:
Filtering is the process of controlling the flow of
packets based on attributes such as source address,
destination address, type, length, and port number.
Filtering is done to protect the network from
unauthorized traffic.
Network administrators can create rules for filtering
out unwanted packets.
Packets filtering can be implemented is two ways:
Static Filtering: Ports are configured as either permanently open
or permanently closed.
Dynamic Filtering: Selected ports can be opened for authorized
access and closed for others.
The routing metric includes the
following