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Correlated Regressors
The X variables are combined linearly and each has its own
regression coefficient (weight)
s reflect the independent contribution of each regressor,
X, to the value of the dependent variable, Y
i.e. the proportion of the variance in Y accounted for by
each regressor after all other regressors are accounted for
fMRI for Dummies 29-03-06
Multiple regression analysis
Example:
Question: how can the perceived clarity of a auditory
stimulus be predicted from the loudness and
frequency of that stimulus?
perception experiment in which subjects had to judge
the clarity of an auditory stimulus.
model to be fit:
Y = 1X1 + 2X2 +
Y = judged clarity of stimulus
X1 = loudness
X2 = frequency
fMRI for Dummies 29-03-06
Regression analysis: multicollinearity example
55
54
Correlation loudness
& frequency : 0.945
53
(p<0.000)
52
Individual regressors:
X1 (loudness): R2 = , p < 0.000
X2 (frequency): R2 = 0.555, p < 0.594
Y = X . +
for example:
- suppose that a response to a stimulus Sr is highly
correlated with the associated motor response Mr;
- and suppose it is hypothesised that a specific regions
activity for Sr is not influenced by Mr;
- then this region should be tested only after removing
all the variance from the regressor for Mr all variance
that can be explained for by Sr;
- dangerous: as the motor response does influence the
signal in the region; the test signal will be overly
significant! -> variance is wrongly assigned to Sr
fMRI for Dummies 29-03-06
fMRI: PET example
two purposes:
1. detect areas where the signal correlated with the
generated covariate
2. search for differences in activation versus control
periods
Implies fitting two models:
One with activation-vs-rest plus covariate regressors (r = 0.845):
M = C1 (ac-rest) + C2 (covariate)
One with variance from covariate C2 removed:
M* = C1 + C2* (C2* = 0.845(SSC2/SSC1)
Example voxels:
(54, -56, 34) activated in M (p = 0.004) not in M* (p = 0.901)
(6, 28, -28) activated in M* (p = 0.014) not in M (p = 0.337)
Christensen, 1996, Plane answers to Complex Questions: The Theory of Linear Models, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin
The end