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1
What is a system?
What is an example of a non-living system?
How does a malfunction in one part affect the
whole system?
Give a few examples of how human body systems
work together.
Name the eleven human body systems
2
Integumentary system,
Skeletal system,
Muscular system,
Nervous system,
Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system,
Lymphatic system and immunity,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system,
Reproductive system
3
By donating one pint of blood
4 lives can be saved
The human heart beats roughly
35 million times a year
It is not possible to tickle yourself
your brain warns the rest of the
body and by doing so your brain will
ignore this sensation
4
Get with your Manikin partner
Students will randomly draw your system
Your group assignment is to focus on and
find Amazing Facts about those systems
Follow your Activity directions
5
Activity 1.1.1. Amazing Facts
Documents
Activity 1.1.2
Adoption Certificates
Body Organizer
Assemble Manikin
Name your Manikin-place your manikins
name on the base with masking tape
Complete Adoption Certificates
Place a family photo of the 3 of you on your
WebPortfoio
Always store manikins in there proper place
All Manikins look the same now but will soon
take on their own personalities.
10
Pair Up with your Manikin Partner
Brainstorm
Complete Activity 1.1.2
3. How can directional terms and regional
terms help describe location in the body?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_HaJT7
OVIQ&feature=player_detailpage
Complete through question 15
Compare Manikins
Adipose tissue- Connective tissue in which fat is stored and
which has the cells distended by droplets of fat
32
Research the listed bones
Quiz yourself/partner
What are the functions of the human skeletal
system?
Support the body
Works with muscles for movement
Protects internal organs
BUT also
Tell a story about age, gender, height, ethnicity
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What Type of Data did you use?
8/16/2013 46
What is the differences between
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Quantitative research generates
numerical data or information that can
be converted into numbers.
Qualitative = Research that generates
non-numerical data such as opinion's,
like smoothness, appearances
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Now that the bones have told us a bit about our
missing person, what can we use to further our
investigation to make a final identification?
Cells
DNA.
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Axial Skeleton- The skeleton of the trunk and head.
Appendicular Skeleton- Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that
are attached to the axial skeleton
Femur- The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the
longest and largest bone in the human body, extends from the hip
to the knee
Forensic Anthropology- The branch of physical anthropology in
which anthropological data, criteria, and techniques are used to
determine the sex, age, genetic population, or ancestry of skeletal
or biological materials in questions of civil or criminal law
Humerus-The longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb
extending from the shoulder to the elbow
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Pelvis-A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many
vertebrates that is formed by the pelvic girdle together with the
sacrum and often various coccygeal and caudal vertebrae and that
in humans is composed of the two hip bones bounding it on each
side and in front while the sacrum and coccyx complete it behind
Skull- The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses
and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the
jaws
Tibia- The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg
between the knee and ankle that articulates above with the femur
and below with the talus -- called also shinbone
50
In the 1950s Dr. Mildred Trotter developed
mathematical formulas that correlated body height to
the length of ones extremities.
53
Agarose
A polysaccharide obtained from seaweed that is used as
the supporting medium in gel electrophoresis.
Biometrics
The measurement and analysis of unique physical or
behavioral characteristics (as fingerprint or voice patterns)
especially as a means of verifying personal identity.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable
of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a
cells proteins.
54
Gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of
their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of
movement through an electrical field in a gel.
Restriction enzyme
A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide
sequences and cuts up DNA.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Differences in DNA sequence on homologous
chromosomes that can result in different patterns of
restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting
from treatment with restriction enzymes).
55
You have identified the bones you were presented to
sex, age, race, ethnicity.
DNA inside the bone holds the KEY to true identity
57
you will use restriction enzymes to allow
us to visualize differences in the DNA.
Like molecular scissors they cut the DNA
in each sample,
gel electrophoresis is then used to analyze
the pattern of bands that are left behind.
DNA work takes care and precision.
Work carefully to identify these individuals
and finally give their families some peace.
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Name sources of DNA evidence
Skin cells
Hair
Blood
Semen
Old tissue such as bone but amplified
using Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) 59
What level of organization comes below tissues.
CELLS
Now- Figuratively zoom in on the cell and
describe the genetic material found inside the
cell.
Chromosome
Gene
Protein
DNA
60
23 pairs considered the
building blocks of the human
body.
long pieces of DNA found in
the center (nucleus) of cells.
function based on the
precise structure of the
organelle that carries out that
function.
61
A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that
occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines
a particular characteristic in an organism.
the functional unit of heredity, passed from parent to offspring
through mitosis.
pieces of DNA, that contain the information for making a
specific protein and thus cells
8/16/2013 62
constructed from 20 amino acids, like
long necklaces with different shaped
beads.
To become active, proteins must twist
and fold into their final conformation
Those in donut shaped form a
complete ring around the DNA to
regulate the activity of genetic
material.
This DNA polymerase III cinches
around DNA and moves along the
strands as it copies the genetic
material.
63
DNA is like an
architect's
blueprint.
Think of it as an
Owner's Manual
for your body. May want to remember: DNA is
made of 2 components, Phosphate
molecules and deoxyribose sugars.
64
unique code of over 3 billion base pairs
only 1/10 of 1% differs from person to
person
provide a genetic blueprint of an
individual.
Function is coding for proteins
holds the instructions for development &
reproduction its survival
transfers genetic messages to all other cells
in the body 65
Practice filling each well
Wear Gloves throughout
Dont contaminate with
your DNA
Dont poke holes in gel
Dont create air bubbles
Keep the plunger depressed
until after you have raised
the micropipettor away
from the gel
66
taking up too much sample with the
micropipettor,
taking up air in addition to the sample,
not completely expelling the sample,
sucking the sample out of the well once
placed,
poking the pipette tip through the
bottom of the gel well.
67
Set fake gel into casting trey
Secure casting trey into chamber well- line up
the notch
Pour water into chamber until it fills BOTH ends
and covers gel completely
Micropipette
Secure tip until click
Set measurement and pick-up 20-35 uL of practice
loading dye
Dont push plunger all the way down on Pipette
Stop at 1st stop
68
1. Obtain 4 micro-centrifuge tubes
2. Label tubes 1-4 with some way to ID them later.
Very Important: Note the content of each tube in
your lab journal. You will need to know what is in
each tube. Dont get them mixed up!!!
3 Dispense DNA and Enzymes into 4 tubes as
instructed in activity.
4. Incubate in 37 water bath X 45 to 60 min.
5. Begin Student Resource Sheet.
69
1. What is the structure and function of
DNA
74
A
Polymorphism =
Difference in length of
Restriction fragments
Enzymes
78
Activity 1.3.1.
79
Gloves throughout Lab
Power source
Chamber & casting trey
Agarose gel with wells
TAE Buffer
Distilled H20
Micropipette and tips
Dye
Light box
DNA Samples
80
1. Obtain your 4 tubes
2. Heat samples plus the DNA marker and DNA
extracted from bone for 2 min at 65 degrees C
3. While cooling practice loading gels
4. Draw diagram in lab journal Clearly indicating
which sample is in each well.
81
Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 Lane 7
Standard DNA from DNA Missing Missing Missing Missing
DNA Bone cut w from person 1 person 1 person person
Marker Enzyme 1 bone cut w w 2/Enzyme 2/Enzyme
w Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 1 2
Enzyme 2
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1. Place gel in tray, and tray
in chamber.
2. Be sure the wells are at
the negative end of the
gel and the tray is secure
in the notch
3. Fill with TAE Buffer, cover
gel completely
4. Fill the wells with the
corresponding sample
5. Copy table in notes!!!!
83
Be sure the voltage is set at 150 and the timer is
set for 15 minutes
Check polarity! Be sure the DNA sample is at top
of the negative pole (black) and will run down
toward the positive
Alarm will sound after 15 minutescheck back
every 2-5 min if incomplete
Turn off the power supply when the dye is near
the bottom edge of the gel
Be careful to not allow the dye to run off the edge
of the gel
84
If the polarity is backwards, the DNA will
migrate out of the well and off the short end
of the gel. If the mistake is caught in time, the
polarity can be reversed and the DNA will
migrate back into the well and then through
the longer portion of the gel.
85
The DNA
fragments are
then stained with
a dye and can be
observed as lines
or bands in the
gel when view on
a light box.
86
Often the DNA fragment
bands can be observed
directly after
electrophoresis without
further treatment. If the
bands are faint or appear
to be missing, the gel can
be soaked in the diluted
Carolina Blue dye for 30
minutes and then washed
with distilled water
87
8/16/2013 88
Dont Go Past Here
89
You will actually find that the gel results show
that both of the missing persons match the
DNA fingerprint of the DNA from bone
digested with Enzyme 1
NOTE that Lane D and F are the same ad B.
(see the example gel picture below).
If you only cut with 1 enzyme you may come
up with incorrect data.
90
You will have to look to the results for Enzyme 2
to make their final conclusions regarding identity.
Gel results show that when using a second
restriction enzyme on the same DNA, only one
Restriction Fragment Length matches that from
the bone sample.
91
4. How can tools of molecular biology be
used to compare the DNA of 2
individuals?
92
Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/lab/gel
93
8/16/2013 94
7. What is gel electrophoresis and how
can the results of this technique be
interpreted?
96
Analyze the DNA
Discuss results and conclusions
Conclusion Questions
97
Introduces Activity 1.3.2 Careers in Identity.
Career Journal for Forensic Anthropologist
99
In this project you will be a team of 3 to design a
security plan using biometrics for your new
Client. Using:
Power Point Presentation
Oral Presentation
Answering any questions
Convince you client to buy
101
Discuss Ethical Issues in biometrics and the
use of biology in identity.
102