The Integumentary System

http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/elephants/im
ages/anatomy/skin.jpg
 The Integumentary System

Why purpose(s) does this system serve?

*Preventing septicemia

*Preventing tetanic paralysis

*Preventing cancer

http://thebeautybrains.com/wp-
content/uploads/2007/06/wrinkles-
beach.jpg

15% of adult human body weight

 The Integumentary System

Why purpose(s) does this system serve?

*Preventing dehydration

*Preventing heat stroke and hypothermia

*Preventing failure to thrive

 The Integumentary System

Why purpose(s) does this system serve?

*Preventing lonely Friday nights

*Preventing gustatory delights

*Preventing ataxis

http://www.ryanphotographic.com/imagesFROG%20005A%20Blue%20dart%20frog.jpg
Where does the skin come from?

**
* *
 The Dermis

Comprised of Connective
tissue
Fibroblasts and Fibers

What are the most

abundant fibers?
How are they arranged?

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/dermis.html
What are plies, warps
and weaves?
 The Dermis
Connective tissue layer Bony
and otherwise:
Dermis of vertebrates has a
predisposition to form bone.
Calcium salts deposited
on/around fibrous scaffolding of
the dermis (dermal in origin)
Generally consists of lamellar
bone, cancellous bone, dentin
and enamel-like surface
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/anatomical_images/family
_pages/xenarthra/armadillo_shell.jpg
 The Dermis

Dermal pigments:
Most organisms have pigmented integument
Responsible cells found in epidermis and dermis
Pigment bearing cells/structures categorized based on
color:
Melanophores (melanin),
Xanthophores (xanthin),
Erythrophores (erythrin),
Iridophores (guanine)
Chromatophores work

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBc-6aj0RJk&NR=1
 The Dermis

Dermal pigments:
Chromatophores can regulate dispersion of pigments
altering color

http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-3&File_type=GIF
 The Dermis
Dermal pigments:
So how do you explain this?

http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/94/77/22247794.jpg
 The Epidermis

General features of the epidermis:

* Comprised of epithelial tissue
* Avascular layer between environment and
other tissues.
* 2 types non-living coatings
1) Mucus
2) Keratinized cells
* Glandular
Unicellular in aquatics
Multicellular in terrestrials
 The Epidermis
Epidermis of aquatic organisms:
Fishes
Most glands single celled (goblet cells and granular cells).
Some multicellular glands (hagfish and lungfish)
Can be protective (alkaloids, toxins)
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of aquatic organisms:

Aquatic amphibians
Mostly multicellular glands
(mucous and granular)
Land going amphibians have > [ ]
of glands
Can make sticky mucus for
adhesion
Mucous glands can hypertrophy
to form nuptial pads
 The Epidermis
Epidermis of aquatic organisms:
Some deep sea teleosts have
photophores
Epidermal origin housed in the dermis
-Modified mucous cells
(lens cells)
-Luminous cells (light cells)
Theodore W. Pietsch

-Melanophores (pigment cells)

-Luciferase acting on luciferin
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of aquatic organisms:

Most lack substantial amounts of keratin
Cornified structures include:
-Teeth of lamprey and hagfish
-Stratum corneum of land-going
amphibians
-Teeth of tadpoles
-Distal pads of digits
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial organisms:

Stratified layers gave rise to 2
categories of unique features:
1) Glands
2) Stratum corneum
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms:
Glands fall in 2 main
categories based on
shape:
1) tubular
2) saccular
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms:
Glands produce their
secretions via 3 main modes
1) Cell membrane
(merocrine)

2) Whole cells and their

contents (holocrine)

3) Cell fragments (apocrine)

 The Glands

Apocrine glands - a portion of the

plasma membrane buds off the cell,
containing the secretion. Examples of
apocrine glands:
lipid component of the lactating
mammary gland.
cerumen ("wax") of the outer ear
goblet cells

Holocrine glands - the entire cell

disintegrates to secrete its substance.
Examples include the sebaceous glands
of the skin and the meibomian glands of
the eyelid.

Merocrine glands - cells secrete their

substances by exocytosis. Also called
"eccrine." Examples include some sweat
glands and the salivary glands
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms:
Mucous glands not abundant
occur in areas with need for
lubrication
Why not abundant on
terrestrial animals?
What other skin structures
would interfere?
What areas need lubrication?
 The Epidermis
Epidermis of terrestrial organisms:
Granular glands found mainly in
terrestrial amphibians and reptiles
Can produce alkaloids and some
pheromones
Concentrations of noxious granular
glands found on warts and
parotoid glands of toads
Lizards have femoral glands
Musk or scent glands in turtles and
snakes
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms (birds):
Few integumentary glands in
birds however, avian oil glands
Uropygial gland at rump, large
in aquatic birds and some
domestic birds
Oil glands also line the ear canal
Sometimes found around the
vent
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):

2 major types of glands in mammals
1) Sebaceous (oil glands)
2) Sudoriferous (sweat glands)
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms (mammals):
Sebaceous glands (saccular)
usually associated with hair.
Exceptions...
Sebum secreted into hair follicle
Modified (ceruminous glands) in
ear canal to secrete cerumen
Meibomian glands keep
conjuctiva moist (plugged =
chalazion)
 The Epidermis
Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms (mammals):
Sudoriferous glands (coiled tubular
glands)
Evaporative cooling primary
function of merocrine sweat glands
Found in least hairy regions
Some mammals lack sweat glands
Humans have greatest # per cm2
Apocrine sweat glands involved
with secondary sex characteristics
The Epidermis
 The Epidermis
Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms (mammals):
Scent glands can be sebaceous
or sudoriferous
Found in varying locations
-Hooves
-Anal canals
-Forearms
-Heads
-Back
-Eyebrows
 The Epidermis
Epidermis of terrestrial
organisms (mammals):
Mammary glands present in
both sexes and derived from a
line of ectoderm called the milk
line
This tissue invades the dermis
and spreads
Distinct tissue above these
glands develops (nipple)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg
 The Epidermis
Epidermis of terrestrial organisms
(mammals):
Nipples can be multiple
-Axillary
-Thoracic
http://www.healthcentral.com/images/ency/fullsize/8659.jpg

-Abdominal
-Inguinal
Different species different
placement
 The Epidermis

Epidermis of terrestrial organisms

(mammals):
During lactation, products
accumulate in cysterns (usually)
Suckling releases milk and oxytocin
facilitates by causing smooth muscle
contractions
Let down reflex
 The Epidermis
Stratum corneum:
Epidermal scales found only in
amniotes.
Squamates (snakes & lizards)
thickened corneum except at
hinge areas
Varying forms cycloid, spiny,
granular, scutes
Birds have epidermal scales on http://www.richard-seaman.com/USA/States/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/Sampler/HornedLizard.jpg

areas lacking feathers

What about mammals?
 The Epidermis
Stratum corneum:

Thick skin
 The Epidermis
Stratum corneum:
 The Epidermis
Claws, hoofs and nails:
Claws appeared in basal
amniotes
Tigers have claws are
they homologous to those
of Idaho Giant
Salamanders?
 The Epidermis
Claws, hoofs and nails:
Claws, nails and hooves
homologous
Similar structure
http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/integument.f04/nail.jpg

*Unguis
*Subunguis
*Cuneus (frog)
Birds can have claws on
wings too
Are claws shed or worn
down? http://www.science-art.com/gallery/170/170_8212006165155.jpg
 The Epidermis
Feathers:
3 basic types
*Countour feathers
*Plumules
*Filoplumes
Feathers comprised of a
quill (calamus), shaft and
vanes. Parallel extensions
from the shaft barbs are
crosslinked with barbules http://www.explorebiodiversity.com/BIRDS/Adaptations/pics/featherstypes.jpg

(hooklets and flanges)

 The Epidermis

Feather development:
Dermal papilla induces
overlying stratum basale to
divide mitotically resulting
bump is called feather
primoridium
Why is presence of
papillary vasculature
important?
Tall columns form a feather
sheath and push toward tip,
becoming barbs http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=1712&rendTypeId=4
 The Epidermis
Feather development:
When the barbs are still in
protective feather sheath
it is called a pin feather
At feather maturity bulk
of papilla dies back
Basale tissue retracts and
then starts over again http://climate.uvic.ca/people/ewiebe/eggs/09_may_1.jpg

Developing feathers push

old feathers out

http://www.catsandcritters.com/newsletter.php
 The Epidermis

Feather origins:
One hypothesis is that they are
derived from reptile scales
Sinosauropteryx
Early development of dermal
papilla is similar but remaining
scenario is not
Some propose they are novel
structures

http://www.prehistoria.piwko.pl/Obrazki/sinosauropteryx2.jpg
http://www.gavinrymill.com/dinosaurs/feathers/sinosauropteryx2.jpg
 The Epidermis
Hair:
Functions of hair
Thermoregulatory
(underfur and guard
hairs)
Sensory (vibrissae)
Protective (spines and
quills)
http://www.brownlog.dreamhost.com/scrapbook/1998_09_tacoma/zoo_walrus.jpg
 The Epidermis
Hair morphology:
Similar to feathers in that
there is a dermal papilla
Hair bulb has stratum
basale with much mitosis
Hair root is portion under
the dermis where cells are
dying
Hair shaft is portion of
hair that is separate from http://www.haircolorpros.com/images/science_hair1.gif

follicle wall
 The Epidermis
Hair morphology:
Thin outer covering is the
cuticle
Underlying zone called
cortex
Inner pith is the medulla
Smooth muscle associated
with the follicle and
originating in the dermis is
the arrector pili http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery/FeaturedScience/Hair!.jpg
 The Epidermis
Horns:
*Bovine horns and
pronghorns
*Hair horns
*Antlers and giraffe horns

http://www.skullsunlimited.com/graphics/pronghorn_skull.jpg

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/phil_myers/horns_antlers/giraffe.jpg/thumbnail.jpg

http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/dbms-witmer/images/Rhino_horn_UV_large.jpg
 The Epidermis
Baleen and miscellaneous:
*Toothless whales (mysteceti)
rely on
baleen to filter fish
and/or crustaceans
(krill)
http://www.coreresearch.org/images/baleen2.jpg

*Rattlesnake rattles
*Beaks and combs
*Ischial callosities
*Knee pads http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/
http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/images/gelada_bab
oon_showing_ischial_callosities.jpg
photos/diapsids/rattlesnake_rattle.jpg

*Tori & apical pads

http://www.peteducation.com/images/articles/tfh_crusty_footpads.jpg