Double Integrals over Bounded Non-

Rectangular Regions - 2
Theorem 3 (Fubinis Theorem - Strong Form): Suppose
that f(x,y) is continuous on a region R.
1) If R is defined by a x b, g(x) y h(x), where g and
h are continuous on [a,b], then
b h(x)
f(x,y)dA = f(x,y) dydx
R a g(x)
2) If R is defined by c y d, g(y) x h(y), where g and
h are continuous on [c,d], then
d h(y)
f(x,y)dA = f(x,y) dxdy
R c g(y)
 Key to Double Integrals - Finding the
Limits of Integration
Case A: to evaluate the integral integrating first with respect to
y and then with respect to x:
1) Sketch the region R.
2) Finding the y limits of integration: Imagine a vertical line L
cutting the region in the direction of increasing y. Mark the
y-values where L enters and leaves (should be constants or
functions of x)
3) Finding the x limits of integration: The x limits should
include all the vertical lines through R; x limits must be
constants.
Case B: to evaluate the integral integrating first with respect to
x and then with respect to y:
(Reverse the process)
 An Interesting Example
To determine the double integral

(sin y/ y) dydx
0 x
But we face a difficulty since (sin y/y) cannot be directly integrated. So we try by
changing the order of integration (note: you must sketch the region to get the limits).
y
(sin y/ y) dx dy
0 0
y
= [(sin y/ y)x] dy
0 0

= (sin y)dy = cos y] =2
0 0
 Areas and Centroids using
Double Integrals
If we take the special case of the constant function z = f(x,y) = 1, the
double integral of f over any bounded region R can be interpreted as
the area of the region R. This is because the sum Sn = f (xk,yk) Ak
becomes simply Ak which is the sum of the area elements. Hence:
A = lim Sn = dA
R
Similarly, we can determine the mass, center of mass and centroid of a
plane region where density function is (x,y) by:
Mass M = (x,y) dA
Moments: Mx = y(x,y) dA, My = x(x,y) dA
Center of Mass: My/M, Mx/M
(For centroid, density = 1)
 An Example
To find the area enclosed by the two parabolas x = y2 and
x = 2y y2
Answer: After sketching the region we see that it is convenient to first
integrate with respect to dx and then with respect to dy:
1 2y y2
dxdy
0 y2
1 2y y2
= [ x] dy
0 y2
1
= (2y 2y2 )dy
0
1
= [y2 2y3/3] = 1 2/3 = 1/3
0
 Triple Integrals
We extend the idea of double integrals to triple integrals: If F(x,y,z) is
a function defined on a closed bounded region D in space, we partition
a rectangular region containing D into rectangular cells by planes
parallel to the coordinate planes. We number the cells in some order
from 1 to n, with each cell having dimensions xk by yk by zk and
volume Vk = xkykzk. Taking a point (xk,yk, zk) in each cell, we
form the sum:
Sn = F (xk,yk, zk) Vk
Proposition 19 (a): If F is continuous on D, and the
boundary of D is made up of smooth surfaces joined along
continuous curves, then as xk, yk, and zk go to zero, the
sums approach a limit called the triple integral of F over D.
F(x,y,z)dV = lim Sn = lim F (xk,yk, zk) Vk
D V 0 V 0
 Properties of Triple Integrals
Proposition 19 (b):
kFdV = k FdV (any number k)
D D

(F G)dV = FdV GdV
D D D
FdV 0 if F 0 on D
D
FdV GdV if F G on D
D D

FdV = FdV + FdV + + FdV

D D1 D2 Dn
if the domain D is broken up into non-overlapping domains
D1, D2, . Dn by smooth surfaces.
 Volumes using Triple Integrals
If we take the special case of the constant function F = 1,
the triple integral of F over any bounded domain D can be
interpreted as the volume of the domain D. This is because
the sum
Sn = F (xk,yk, zk) Vk = Vk
which is the sum of the volume elements, which gradually
cover entire domain D as the cells become smaller. Hence,
we define

V = dV
D
 Calculation of Triple Integrals - 1

Triple integrals are evaluated in practice by repeated

integration (iterated integration) using three-dimensional
version of Fubinis Theorem (Strong Form). There are six
possible orders of integration, which all give the same
result, provided the limits of integration are properly
defined to give the same domain of integration.
 Example
1 x=

ysinz dxdydz [xysinz]

x=0
= ysinz
0 0 0
1
= ysinz dydz y=
0 0 [(y2sinz)/2] = (3sinz)/2
y=0
1
= (3sinz/2)dz = z=1
0
[ 3cosz)/2]
= (3 /2)(1 cos 1) z=0
 Calculation of Triple Integrals - 2
Steps: to evaluate a triple integral integrating first with
respect to z, then y and finally with respect to x:
1) Sketch the domain D along with its shadow R (vertical
projection onto xy-plane). Label the upper and lower
bounding surfaces of D and upper and lower bounding
curves of R.
2) z limits of integration: Draw a vertical line M (i.e.
parallel to z-axis) cutting the domain in the direction of
increasing z. Mark the z-values where M enters and leaves
(should be functions z = f1(x,y) and z = f2(x,y))
 Calculation of Triple Integrals - 3
3) y limits of integration: Draw a line L cutting the region R
(i.e. parallel to y-axis) in the xy-plane in the direction of
increasing y. Mark the y-values where L enters and leaves R
(should be functions y = g1(x) and y = g2(x) - could be
constants )
4) x limits of integration: The x limits should include all
lines through R parallel to y-axis (should be constants, x = a
and x = b).
We have evaluated the integral:

x=b y = g2(x) z = f2(x,y)

F(x,y,z)dzdydx
x=a y = g1(x) z = f1(x,y)
 Example for Triple Integrals

Find the volume of the domain cut from the solid elliptical
cylinder x2 + 4y2 4 by the xy-plane and the plane z = x +2
z limits: z goes from the xy-plane to the plane z = x + 2
y limits: y goes from the lower to upper arm of the ellipse,
i.e. y = f(x) = (1/2)(4 x2) to y = g(x) = (1/2)(4 x2)
x limits: x goes from 2 to 2
x=2 y = g(x) z=x+2
dzdydx
x=2 y = f(x) z=0
Example (continued): Volume of the domain cut from the
solid elliptical cylinder x2 + 4y2 4 by the xy-plane and the
plane z = x +2
x=2 y = g(x) z=x+2
dzdydx
x=2 y = f(x) z=0

x=2 y = g(x)
= (x + 2)dydx
x = 2 y = f(x)

x=2
= (x + 2) (4 x2) dx
x=2
2
[
= (4 x2)3/2/3 + x (4 x2) +4sin 1(x/2) ] = 4
2