Arch 330

Thermal & Moisture Protection

Roofing Systems
 Roofing Systems
073000 Steep Slope Roofing
Shingles and Shakes
Roof Tiles
Natural Roof Coverings
074000 Roofing and Siding Panels
Roof and Wall Panels
Siding
075000 Membrane Roofing
076000 Flashing & Sheet Metal
077000 Roof and Wall Specialties and Accessories
 Division 7
078000 Fire and Smoke Protection
079000 Joint Protection
Joint Sealants and Expansion Control
Low Slope - Disadvantages

waterdrainsslowly
standingwatercancausedeterioration
structuralmovementtearthe
membrane.
Low Slope - Advantages

cancoverbuildingofanyhorz.dimension

canserveas
balconies,decks,patios,landscapedgardens.
Item Spotted: Flat roof

Observations: This is not a

good roof design for wet
climates. There is constantly
puddles of water on the top
of this roof.

Location: PEB, WSU

Campus

Name: Kallen Hawthorne ID# 10596914

Steep Slope
drainsquickly
canbecoveredwithroofingmaterialof
smalloverlappingunits
shinglesofwood
slate
artificialcomposition
tilesoffiredclayorconcrete
bundlesofreeds(thatch).
Steep Slope
Thermalexpansion/contractionminimized
Movementinstructureisminimized
bytheabilityofsmallunitstomovewith
respecttooneanother.
Watervaporventsfromtheinteriorthrough
theloosejointsintheroofingmaterial.
Item Spotted: A
combination of a flat and
gamble roof
Observations: This
building has a very
interesting skyline because
of the combination roof.
However if one was to
look closely at the picture,
one con see puddles of
standing water.
Location: Smith Gym,
WSU Campus

Name: Kallen Hawthorne ID# 10596914

LOWSLOPEROOF
(notFLAT)< 3:12 pitch
MinSlope
1/8per10or1:100
1/4per10or1:50
 Low < 3:12 pitch

3
1/4

12
Roof Slope
SlopeRooftodirectwatertowardsdrainage
points
counteractingstructuraldeflection.
Dependingonsizeofdeckexpansionjoints
shouldbeprovidedto
controlexpansionandcontractionand
satisfyrequirementsofmembrane.
Membraneshouldbelaidonflatsurface.
FLATROOFCOMPONENTS

DECK
THERMALINSULATION
VAPORRETARDER
MEMBRANE
FLASHINGS
DRAINAGECOMPONENTS
Deck:Typesofstructuraldeck
usedforlowsloperoof
Plywoodoverwoodjoists
Solidwooddeckingoverheavytimberframing
Corrugatedsteeldecking
Panelsofwoodfiberbondedtogetherwith
portlandcement
Pouredgypsumoverinsulatingformboard
Sitecastconcreteandprecastconcrete
Insulating Deck Boards wood/glass fibers
Truss Tee Purlins + slab of gypsum/lt wt conc
Thermal Insulation
Below the Deck
Between Deck + Membrane
Above the Membrane
ThermalInsulation:
BelowtheDeck
Leavesthedeckandmembraneexposedto
fullrangeoftemperature.
Battinsulationofglassfiberormineral
fiberbetweenwoodjoists
orontopofasuspendedceilingassembly.
Vaporretarderbelowinsulation**
(Vaporretarderonwarmsideofinsulation)
Insulation: Between Deck and
Membrane
Rigidpanelsofinsulation,lightweightconcrete.
Protectsdeckfromtemperatureextremes.
Membranesubjectedtoextremetemperature
variations.
Moisturetrappedininsulationcandamage
insulationanddeck.
Placevaporretardedoninsideofinsulationand
ventinsulationtoreleasemoisture.
Insulation: Above the Membrane
Membraneprotectedextremesoftemperature.
Membraneonwarmsideofinsulationimmuneto
vaporblistering.
Insulationmustbeamaterialwhichisnoteffected
bywetandwillnotdisintegrateextruded
polystyreneboard
Insulationboardadheredinbedofhotasphaltor
laidloose.
Layerofballastlaidoverinsulation.
Insulation: Above the Membrane
Ballast
crushedstone
thinconcretelayerfactorylaminatedtoupper
surfaceofinsulationboard
interlockingconcreteblocks.

Membraneageslittleprotectedfromsunlightand
temperatureextremesdespitepresenceof
moisture.
Rigidinsulationmechanicalfixtodeckpreferable.
InsulationabovetheMembrane:
Othernamesforthissystem
Invertedroof
Upsidedownroof
Protectedmembraneroof,

+20yearsold
VaporRetarder
2sheetsasphaltsaturatedroofingfelt
Incoldclimateonwarmsideof
insulation.**
Inhothumidclimate/withairconditioning
onoutersideofinsulation**
Membrane
Builtuproofmembrane
Singleplyroofmembrane
Fluidappliedroofmembrane
 Builtupmembrane
24Layers/pliesoffelt
asphaltimpregnated,beddedinbitumen
felt:cellulosefibers/glassfibers+asphalt

Feltlaminatedinoverlappinglayers
Layerofaggregate(crushedstone)
Built-Up Membrane
Bitumenasphaltderived
Forlowpitchroofscoaltarbitumenor
coaltarpitchused
greaterresistancetostandingwater

Asphaltandcoaltarareappliedhot
 Aggregate
Insulation
Felt
Conc. Deck

Aggregate
Felt
Insulation x 2
Metal Deck
 4 ply felt + hot asphalt
SinglePlyRoofmembrane
Singlelayer
Moreelasticlesscracking/tearing
Fixing:adhesives,ballast,
concealedfasteners,mechanical
fasteners.
Protectivecoating
Single Ply Roof Membrane
EPDM,syntheticrubber
(ethylenepropylenedienemonomer)

NEOPRENE(polychloroprene)
syntheticrubbercompound

PVC(polyvinylchloride)
vinylthermoplasticcompound
Single-Ply Membrane
Aluminum Faced
Single-Ply Membrane
FluidAppliedMembrane
domes,vaults,complexshapes
rollerorspraygun,applied
severalcoatsrubberymembrane.
Built-Up + Single Ply
Ballast
loosestoneaggregate
precastconcreteblocks.
Ballastholdsthemembraneinplaceagainst
winduplift
Protectsmembranefromultravioletlight
andphysicalwear.
Increasethefireresistanceoftheroof
covering.
Traffic Decks-walks, terraces,
parking on low slope roof
(a) Heavysquarepavingslabsorstonesopenjoints
onblocksofplasticorconconroofmembrane

(b)OpenJointedPavingBlocksonAdrainagelayer
ofgravelorporousconcreteleveledoverthe
membrane

Waterfallsthroughthejointsandisdrained
awaybythemembranebelow
Membraneisnotpierced.
StructuralStandingSeam
MetalRoofingforLowSlope
Roofs:
Proprietarysystemsofstandingseammetal
roofing
Usedaslowsloperoofs1/4"in12"(1:48).
Thefoldedshapestiffnesssupportitself+
anormalsnowloadbetweenpurlinswithout
theneedforstructuraldeckbelow.
Mechanical Fix
Through Insulation
to Deck below
Hot Application of
Layers
Stone ballast on Insulation on Membrane
Mechanical Fix
 Steep Slope >3:12 pitch

3 11.25

12
Steep Slope >3:12 pitch
Drainsquickly,
SmalloverlappingunitsShingles
Expansionandcontractionand
movement
Watervaporvents
Steep Slope Roof Systems
3 Categories of Covering

Thatch
Shingles wood, asphalt, slate, clay/conc
Sheet Metal lead, copper, terne, aluminum
Steep Sloped Roof Systems
Typicallyinsulationandvaporretarder
installedbelowtheroofsheetingordeck.

Undersideofdeckisexposedasafinished
surface
vaporretarderandrigidinsulationabove
thedeckbelowroofinglayerofplywood
(nailedovertheinsulationpanelsasanail
baseforfasteningshinglesorsheetmetal).
 Insulation

Steep Sloped Roof

Typically insulation and vapor
retarder installed below the roof
sheeting or deck.
Insulation

Steep Sloped Roof

Underside of deck is exposed as a
finished surface
Flashing @ all
junctions
Thatch
Bundlesofreeds,grassesorleaves,
Laborintensive
Highlyinsulative
Attractive
Codeslimititsuse
Notfireresistant
Shingles
Smallsizeunit,appliedtoroofinoverlapping
layers- staggeredverticaljoints

woodshingles/shakes
asphaltshingles
slates
claytilesandconcretetiles.
PVphotovoltaic
Shingles

Eachtypeofshingle,slateortilemustbe
laidonaroofdeck- thatslopessufficiently
toassureleakproofperformance.

Min.slopeforeachmaterialarespecified
bythemanufacturerandcode
WoodShingles:
Thin,taperedslabsofwood,SAWEDfrom
shortpiecesoftreetrunk

Grainparalleltothefaceoftheshingle.
Wood Shakes
Splitnotsawn
Roughfacetexture,
NorthUSwoodshingles/shakesareRed
cedar,Whitecedar,
Redwoodnaturaldecayresistance.
Woodroofcoveringmoderatelyexpensive,
nothighlyresistanttofireunlesspressure
treatedwithfireretardantchemicals.
Asphalt Shingles
Asphaltimpregnatedfeltfacedwithmineral
granules.
Diecutfromsheet,typicalsize12"x36".
Slottedtwicesmallerunit.
Inexpensive,quicktoinstall,moderatelyfire
resistant.
Expectedlifetimeof15to25years.
Laidonasphaltsaturatedfeltpaperintwolayers.
Slate
Split,trimmedtosizeandpunchedor
drilledfornailing.

Fireresistant,
longlasting,
relativelyexpensive,
laidinoverlappinglayers.
Tiles Clay, Concrete
Glazedandunglazed
Concretelessexpensivethanclayrooftile.
Typicallyheavy
Durable
Highlyresistanttofire
Expensiveinfirstcost
ArchitecturalSheetMetal
Roofing:
Relativelyhighinfirstcost
Lastformanydecades.
Galvanicactionshouldbeavoidedinthe
roofinstallation.
Bewareofwaterrunoffalsoregalvanic
actionfromonemetaltoanother.
Seaside, Gulf Coast The Truman Show
Strawbale, Potlatch, Idaho
Lead, Copper: Sheet
Usedsinceancienttimes.
Selfprotectingmetallastmanydecades.
Installedinsheetsusingsystemsofjoining
andfastening
Maintainwatertightnessattheseams.
Seamsespeciallystanding&battenseams
createastrongvisualpattern.
Lead, Copper: Sheet
Leadoxidizestoawhitecolor.
Copperturnsbluegreeninclearair,black
inanindustrialatmosphere.
Chemicaltreatmentsandcoatingscanbe
appliedtopreserveadesiredcolor.
Other Sheet Metals
Aluminum,
ZincAlloys,
StainlessSteelSheetMetalRoofing

Canbeusedinsamewayascopper,lead
andterne