Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
S
T
E
D
There are 2 kind of Image
Anatomical (Gross)
Tumor: Ventriculography,pneumoencephalography
Injury
Angiography
Functional
Alzheimer STED 2014 Noble Prize
Cognitive psychology: Thought identification, Mind
reading (higher metabolism area & light up on
scan
Brain CT with and without contrast
Source: X-Ray
For comparison, survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were
exposed to an average of 40 mSv of radiation. This dose is comparable to 2-3 extensive
CT scans, and can increase the risk of cancer.
Brain tumor MRI
With contrast
fMRI of the Brain
And "little f" fMRI usually refers to mapping of brain activity using
MRI.
fMRI studies are often used in planning brain surgery, since they
can help physicians monitor normal brain function as well as
any disturbed brain function (cerebral vascular, trauma, or
degenerative disease (such as Alzheimer's) on brain function.
FMRI: MRI & PET Brain
MRI, PET and CT scans of the brains of people affected by (clockwise from
top left): Alcoholism, marijuana use, multiple sclerosis, cocaine use,
Parkinson's disease, Alzehemier's disease.
11C contrast MRI & PET
Geometrical optics
Deals with those optical phenomena that
are mostly easily described with straight
lines and plane geometry.
Deals with macroscopic light
Physical optics
Dealing with the wave nature of light,
Deals with electromagnetic wave
Quantum optics
Dealing with quantum aspects of light,
Deals with particle (light as photon)
The experiments of all of the various
known properties of light may be
grouped together and classified under
one of the three following heads:
Geometrical Physical Optics Quantum Optics
Optics
Rectilinear Diffraction Photo-electric
propagation effect
Finite velocity Interference Compton effect
Iteration tech.
Fourier transformation tech.
Reverse projection tech. more directly
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
= Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) of the Head
MRI
Patient in strength magnetic field (> 1.5 T) were
given energy pulse short frequency of radio
wave radio signal images which recorded
from 3:
1) density of proton (H nucleus),
2) relaxation constant,
3) blood flow pattern (oxy vs. deoxy Hb)
Prepare the procedure!
MRI Use strong magnetic field
heart pacemaker
artificial heart valve
catheter
IUD
any metal plates, pins, screws or surgical staples
Tattoos
Eyeliner
Tooth fillings
Braces
hairpins, jewelry, eyeglasses,
hearing aids
Oxy vs. deoxy Hb
The principle of fMRI imaging is to take a series of images of
the brain in quick succession and to statistically analyze the
images for differences among them.
Oxy hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin are magnetically
different is exploited. Oxy Hemoglobin shows up better on MRI
images than deoxyhemoglobin; thus, oxygenated blood shows
up better. Brain areas with more blood flow have been shown to
have better visibility on MRI images (Cohen & Bookheimer, 1994)
correlated with brain activation
Other fMRI methods exploit the fact that the bulk movement of
hydrogen nuclei causes changes in the MRI image CSF flow,
blood flow, or diffusion of water through tissue.
Resonance proton: Flip & Relaxation
[Absorption & Emmission]
sample
U S
Radio frequence Generator
Radio frequence Detector
Jodoh tiap signal NMR dengan
proton dalam makromolekul
= sequential assignment
1985 Wthrich: Jarak antara sejumlah besar inti hidrogen dan memakai
informasi ini dengan metode matematik bedasarkan geometri jarak untuk
menghitung struktur 3D untuk molekul. Saat ini 15-20% dari ribuan
struktur protein telah ditentukan dg NMR. Yg lain dg kristalografi sinar-
X, beberapa dg difraksi elektron atau difraksi neutron
PET (Positron Emission
Tomography)
Radioactive
Cyclotron to make Positron emitter
Gamma detector
Positron a pair of gamma rays
Positrons emitted by the nuclide annihilate with
atomic electrons and emit a pair of gamma rays
moving in opposite directions.
the head is surrounded by gamma detectors, the
delay between a gamma ray arriving on one side
and its partner arriving opposite is used to
calculate the position of the decay.
In this way a map of decays taking place in the
brain can be built up. If the subject is given
different stimuli-music or speech for example-the
pattern of blood flow in the brain changes
http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-21818506/pet-scans-show-brains-response-to-musical
PET with musical stimulation
ESWL: 1-3 Hz
5-12 MHz procoagulant
USG for diagnosis is a
reflection imaging
f f
Ultrasound (frek > 20 kHz): tak bisa
didengar & difraksi kecil (tak
menyebar) shg bd > kecil dpt
dideteksi
Transduser Pulsa
Gema Gema
Scan-A:
Waktu
sebanding jarak
rambatan
Waktu
Scan-B:
Kecerahan=ke
kuatan sinyal
USG menggantikan operasi
pencarian dan prosedur lain yg
Beresiko Efek lain hingga saat
Menyakitkan ini (sinar-x, laser,
Mahal gelombang mikro
berefek samping)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
380
403
426
449
472
495
518
541
564
587
610
wavelength
633
656
679
702
725
748
771
794
STED Microscopy
Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett,
Pfund Series: Excitation-Emission
Nanocrystal Semiconductor
Invitrogen.com
Resonance pos & neg
http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130423/srep01707/fig_tab/srep01707_F1.html