Variasi

6.1: Jenis-jenis Variasi

 Variasi

Selanjar Tidak selanjar

Tiada perbezaan Perbezaan ketara

ketara dan jelas

Bersifat kuantitatif kerana boleh Kualitatif kerana cirinya sama

diukur ada hadir atau tidak

Dikawal oleh bilangan Dikawal oleh bilangan

gen yang besar gen yang sedikit

Dipengaruhi Tidak dipengaruhi

persekitaran. persekitaran
 Discontinous Variation
Differences are discrete and clear-cut
Example:
A. Blood group- A,B, O and AB
B. Gender- male and female
C. Tongue rolling- can or not
D. Ear lobe- attached or unattached
E. Widows peak or not
F. Dimple
Discontinous Variation
 Continuous Variation
Differences are slight
Example:
A. Height
B. Weight
C. Foot length
 Variation

6.1: Causes of Variation.

 Phenotype= genetic factor +
enviromental factor
Differences are discrete and clear-cut
Example:
A. Blood group- A,B, O and AB
B. Gender- male and female
C. Tongue rolling- can or not
D. Ear lobe- attached or unattached
 Causes

Genetic Enviromental
factors factors

Sexual
Mutation
Reproduction

Independent Random Gene Chromosomal

Crossing Over
Assortment Fertilisation Mutation Mutation
 Crossing Over
Is exchange of portions of chromatids
between homologous chromosomes.
Happens during prophase I.
In a bivalent,portions of 1 chromosome
exchange places (crossed over) with
corresponding portion of the other
chromosome.
Points of cross over called chiasmata.
Enables maternal and paternal allele mix.
NEW combinations of genes are produced on
these chromatids.
Crossing Over
 INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Occurs in metaphase I.
Homologous pair of chromosomes are
arranged at equator/metaphase plate at random.
Each homologous pair of chromosomes is
positioned relative to the poles of the
independent of the other pair.
Results in variety in gametes where each with
different combination of paternal and maternal
chromosome.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
 RANDOM FERTILISATION
Occurs when GAMETES with diverse
combination of homologous chromosomes
are fused together.
Forming a zygote with an even greater variety
of gene combination.
Every zygote is genetically unique.
 Mutation
Is a sudden random change in the genetic
composition (DNA) of a cell.
Can happen to particular genes or
chromosome.
Can occur in somatic cell or gametes.
Mutation in gametes can be inherited from
generation to generation.
 Types of Mutation
Chromosomal
Involves change in structure of
chromosomes or number of
chromosomes during meiosis.
Changes in structure can be
due to deletion,
duplication,inversion and
translocation.
Gene
Involves chemical changes in the
structure of the gene
Alteration in base
sequence of DNA, hence
changing the GENETIC
CODE AND ORDER OF
ACID AMINO for protein
synthesis.
Types of Chromosomal Mutation That
Changes Chromosome Structure
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation That Changes
Chromosome Structure
Deletion
A fragment of chromosome breaks off and is
lost.
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Duplication
A fragment of chromosome is
doubled/repeated. The new chromosome has
extra genetic material.
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Duplication
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
INVERSION
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
INVERSION
A fragment of chromosome is removed.
The fragment rotates through 180 and is
inserted back at same location.
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Translocation
A fragment of chromosome breaks off and
then attaches to another chromosome.
Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Types of Chromosomal Mutation That
Changes Number of Chromosome
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Change in no of chromosomes
Occur when homologous chromosome fail to
separate during meiosis.
Causes addition or loss of chromosomes in the
gametes.
Also known as : Non-disjunction
Non disjunction of sex chromosome can re
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Non-disjunction
Non disjunction of sex chromosome can
cause a sperm cell either having both X and Y
chromosomes or no sex chromosome.
Or can cause an ovum either having two X
chromosome or having no chromosomes.
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Non-disjunction
.
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Non-disjunction
.
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Non-disjunction
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Effect of Non-disjunction
Disease No of Chromosome involved characteristic
chromoso
me
Downs 47 (45+ Extra chromosome on Can be female or male.
Syndrome XX or chromosome 21 (trisomy Learning disabilities, heart
45+XY) 21) defects, susceptible to
infection, short, broad face
and slanted eyes.
Turner 45 (44+ Absence of one sex Female. Sterile and lack of
Syndrome XO) chromosome secondary sexual
characteristics.
Klinefelters 47 ( 44+ An extra X chromosome Male. Low fertility, smaller
Syndrome XXY) testes and some breast
enlargement
 Types of Chromosomal
Mutation
Effect of Non-disjunction
Disease No of Chromosome involved characteristic
chromoso
me
Patau 47,13 Extra chromosome on Small eyes, malformed
Syndrome chromosome 13 (trisomy nose, cleft lip or cleft
13) palate, extra fingers or
toes, mentally retarded
and deaf, heart and kidney
failure
Edward 47,18 Absence of one sex Mental retardation,severe
Syndrome chromosome growth retardation,
malformed digestive tract,
urinary tracts and genitals.
GENE MUTATION
 Gene Mutation
Is a change in the base of sequence of DNA.
Five different types:
a) Duplication- portion of nucleotide chain is
repeated.
b) Addition- extra nucleotide sequence is
inserted into the chain
c) Inversion- a nucleotide separates from chain,
inverse and rejoin at its original place.
 Gene Mutation
d) Deletion portion of nucleotidechain is totally
removed from the chain

e) substitution- one of the nucleotide is replaced

by another nucleotide with different nitrogenous
base.
Deletion
 Example of gene mutation
sickle cell anemia
Caused by substitution of one nucleotide for
another in DNA results in incorrect amino acid
in hemoglobin alter properties of
hemoglobin abnormal hemoglobin causes RBC
become sickle-shaped and low binding capacity
of oxygen may dies.
 Example of gene mutation
cystic fibrosis
Body produce excessively thick and sticky
mucus that closes lungs and pancreas-impair
breathing and digestion
Produce extremely salty sweat loses lot of
salt imbalance in mineral
 Mutagens
agent that causes mutation
Examples:
a) X rays
b) Uv light
c) Gamma rays.
d) Chemical such as formaldehyde, pesticide,
drugs and components of tobacco smoke.
 Effects of Enviromental Factors
can change in phenotypes.
Influenced continous variation greatly
Nutrients,light, temperature,pH
Example: Hydrangea flowers are blue in acidic
soil and pink in alkaline flower