1

Group:
a collection of people who must interact with
one another; be socially attracted to one
another; share goals or objectives; and have
shared identity which distinguishes them
from other groups

2
3
 Task Cohesion the degree to which
members of a group work together to achieve
common goals

Social Cohesion reflects the degree to which

members of a team like each other and enjoy
each others company

4
 Similarity of attitudes and values
Size of group
Time
Location
Status
Difficulty in entry
Inter dependency

5
 Management behaviour
Member turnover
Threat
Previous successes and shared goals
Cooperation

6
 More participation
More conformity
More success
More communication
More personal satisfaction
High productivity

7
 Make groups smaller
Encourage agreement with group goals
Increase the time members spend together
Increase the status of the group and the
perceived difficulty of getting into the group
Start competition with other groups
Give rewards to the group rather than to the
individual
Increase interaction among members
Increase membership homogeneity

8
 Induce disagreement on group roles
Increase membership heterogenity
Restrict interactions among group members
Increase group size
Allocate rewards to individuals rather than
group
Reduce time members spend together
Introduce a dominating member
Disband the group

9
Thefive stage model
of group development

10
 Performing

Task
Norming

Storming

Adjourning
Forming
 First moments of a newly formed groups
life
Often marked by tension, guarded
interchanges, and low levels of interaction
People monitor their behaviour and are
tentative when expression opinions
 Tension increases in the storming phase
over goals, procedures, authority etc.
Conflict often causes fight or flight
responses
Conflict is a required element for creating
team cohesion
 Group becomes more unified and
organized
Mutual trust and support increases
Rules, roles, and goals are established
Communication increases
 Productivity is usually not
instantaneous, thus productivity must
wait until the group matures
Many groups get sidetracked by the
storming or norming phases
More mature groups spend less time
socializing, less time in conflict and
need less guidance than less mature
teams
 This stage is only for temporary groups
For permanent groups performing is the
last stage
The group prepares for disbandment
Attention is directed towards wrapping up
group activities
 Model assumes that group becomes effective
as it progresses through first four stages, but
group effectiveness is more complex than
this model acknowledges.
Groups do not always proceed from one stage
to another, more than one stages might go
on smltaneously.
This model ignores the organisational
context.

17
Punctuated-Equilibrium
Model
Sequence of actions:
Temporary groups under 1. Setting group direction
time constrained deadlines 2. First phase of inertia
go through transitions
3. Half-way point transition
between inertia and activity-
Major changes
--at the half-way point, they
4.

Second phase of inertia

experience an increase in 5.

productivity. 6. Accelerated activity