INTRODUCTION TO

MULTILEVEL INVERTERS
Rijil Ramchand
Associate Professor
NIT Calicut
 What is power electronics?
Definition

Conversion of electric power

The interdisciplinary nature

Position and significance in the human

society

PEGCRES 2015 2
 What is power electronics?
Power Electronics:
is the electronics applied to conversion and control of
electric power.

Range of power scale :

milliwatts(mW) megawatts(MW) gigawatts(GW)

A more exact explanation:

The primary task of power electronics is to process
and control the flow of electric energy by supplying
voltages and currents in a form that is optimally
suited for user loads.

PEGCRES 2015 3
 Conversion of electric power

Electric Other names for electric

Po we Power
in r
Power
output
power converter:
pu Converter -Power converter
t -Converter
Control -Switching converter
input -Power electronic circuit
-Power electronic converter

Changeable properties in
Two types of electric power
conversion

DC(Direct Current) Magnitude

Frequency, magnitude,
AC (Alternating Current)
number of phases

PEGCRES 2015 4
 Classification of power converters

Power
output
Power DC AC
input
AC to AC converter
AC AC to DC converter ( Fixed frequency : AC controller
(Rectifier) Variable frequency: Cycloconverter
or frequency converter)

DC DC to DC converter DC to AC converter
(Chopper) (Inverter)

PEGCRES 2015 5
 Power electronic system
Generic structure of a power electronic system

Power Power Power

i nput output
Converter

Control input
Feedforward/Feedback Feedback/Feedforward
Controller
( measurements of input signals ) ( measurements of output signals )
Reference
(commanding)

Control is invariably required.

Power converter along with its controller including the
corresponding measurement and interface circuits, is
also called power electronic system.

PEGCRES 2015 6
Typical power sources and loads for a power electronic system

Power input Power Power output

Source Load
Vi ii Converter io Vo

-Electric utility -Electric Motor

Feedback/
-battery -light
Feed forward
-other electric energy
source -heating
Controller -power converter
-power converter Reference -other electric or
electronic equipment

The task of power electronics has been recently

extended to also ensuring the currents and power
consumed by power converters and loads to meet
the requirement of electric energy sources.

PEGCRES 2015 7
 The interdisciplinary nature

William E. Newells description

Electronics Power

Power
Electronics
Continuous,
discrete
Control

Power electronics is the interface between

electronics and power.
PEGCRES 2015 8
 Relation with multiple disciplines

Systems & Signal

Control theory processing
Circuit
Simulation &
theor
computing
y
Electric Power
Electronics
machines electronics

Power Solid
systems state
Electromagnetics physics

Power electronics is currently the most active

discipline in electric power engineering worldwide.
PEGCRES 2015 9
 Position and significance in the human society
Electric power is used in almost every aspect and
everywhere of modern human society.

Electric power is the major form of energy source used in

modern human society.
The objective of power electronics is exactly about how to
use electric power, and how to use it effectively and
efficiently, and how to improve the quality and utilization
of electric power.
Power electronics and information electronics make two
poles of modern technology and human society
information electronics is the brain, and power electronics
is the muscle.

PEGCRES 2015 10
 The History
Application of
fast-switching
Invention of fully-controlled
Thyristor semiconductor
devices GTO
GTR IGBT
Mercury arc rectifier Power diode Power MOSFET Power MOSFET
Vacuum-tube Thyristor Thyristor Thyristor
rectifier Thyratron (microprocessor) (DSP)
1900 1957 mid 1970s late 1980s

Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase

The thread of the power electronics history precisely follows and

matches the break-through and evolution of power electronic
devices
PEGCRES 2015 11
 Applications
Industrial
Transportation
Utility systems
Power supplies for all kinds of electronic
equipment

Residential and home appliances

Space technology
Other applications
PEGCRES 2015 12
 Inverters - Introduction
This conversion is achieved by the proper
cSoCtanotinrcovle,rptbsoewtDteerCr kctnooonwvAenrCtearsswimt3th.hoVadatauriaalbcftluoeo innPnvdh,eaasrmotesfenthDael
vsctoaotlmiacgppeosonweanentrdwswicC tuihtrcrhaeednsjtustshtataotb2.ielnAVtaCeprrihacbaowlseneanF,vreeefcqfrtoeurqetmhnuceesynDcaC
yr,eusaosnuudracalelymktponlotiwuthdneeatsAoC i nmveelerotaetdhrse1un.
scVaeoieapnn igafislb
rdp goilectfuarateaaigoptnin
hM doairtniufstdfor
ieceureconduction
lnart states provided by
the switches arrangement or topology.

PEGCRES 2015 13
 Inverters - Introduction
Inverters convert DC voltage to variable
magnitude, variable frequency AC voltage.

Ideally, purely sinusoidal output voltage.

Practically not possible.

PWM Techniques makes the task of extracting

sinusoidal voltage from output of inverters
easier.

PEGCRES 2015 14
Inverters - Introduction

PEGCRES 2015 15
 Inverters - Introduction
The DC source is usually composed of a rectifier
followed by an energy storage or filter stage known
as DC link Indirect Conversion

CSI have been dominating in the medium-voltage

high-power range with the pulse-width modulated
CSI (PWM-CSI) and the load-commutated inverter
(LCI)

Single-phase and three-phase two-level VSIs are

widely used in low- and medium-power
applications. Recently, VSI have also become
attractive in the medium-voltage high-power market
with multilevel inverter topologies
PEGCRES 2015 16
Two-level Voltage Source Inverter

Three-phase Two-level VSI feeding Induction Motor

PEGCRES 2015 17
Two-level Voltage Source Inverter
VAN, VBN & VCN are known as pole voltages
VAn, VBn & VCn are known as phase voltages
VAB, VBC & VCA are known as line voltages
V V V ,
nN nA AN
V V V &
nN nB BN

VnN VnC VCN

VnN
VAN VBN VCN VnA VnB VnC
3
VnA VnB VnCV 0 V VCN
VnN AN BN

3
PEGCRES 2015 18
Two-level Voltage Source Inverter

PEGCRES 2015 19
Two-level Voltage Source Inverter
B Phase

V3(-+-) V2(++-)

3 1

V8(+++) V1(+--)
V4(-++)
V7(---) A Phase
4 6
5

V5(--+) V6(+-+)

C Phase

Voltage space vector structure generated by a two-level VSI

PEGCRES 2015 20
Multilevel Inverters - Introduction

Power and Voltage ranges of the Medium Voltage drive

Source: Rockwell Automation

PEGCRES 2015 21
 Multilevel Inverters - Introduction
Drawbacks of two-level VSIs for MV Drives
High dv/dt in the inverter output voltage as high as
10,000V/s
Motor harmonic losses

This can be solved by adding properly tuned LC filter.

It has some disadvantages

Increased manufacturing cost

Fundamental voltage drop
Circulating current between the filter and DC circuit
PEGCRES 2015 22
Multilevel Inverters - Introduction

Multilevel inverter output voltage: (a) two-level and (b) nine-level.

PEGCRES 2015 23
Evolution of Multilevel Space
vector structures
Hexagonal space vectors.

3-level
5-level

2-level

PEGCRES 2015 24
Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter

One phase leg of general n-level inverter

PEGCRES 2015 25
 Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter
Multi-level inverters are the preferred choice in
industry for the application in High voltage and
High power application

Advantages of Multi-level inverters

Higher voltage can be generated using the devices of

lower rating.
Increased number of voltage levels produce better
voltage waveforms and reduced THD.
Switching frequency can be reduced for the PWM
operation.

PEGCRES 2015 26
Multilevel Converter Topologies

PEGCRES 2015 27
 Diode Clamped (NPC) 3-level Inverter

Three-phase three-level diode-clamped converter also called NPC converter

PEGCRES 2015 28
Diode Clamped (NPC) 3-level Inverter
On the dc side of the inverter, the dc bus capacitor
is split into two, providing a neutral point Z.
The diodes connected to the neutral point, DZ1 and DZ2,
are the clamping diodes.
When switches S2 and S3 are turned on, the inverter
output terminal A is connected to the neutral point
through one of the clamping diodes.
The voltage across each of the dc capacitors is E,
which is normally equal to half of the total dc voltage
Vd. With a finite value for Cd1 and Cd2, the capacitors
can be charged or discharged by neutral current iZ,
causing neutral-point voltage deviation.

PEGCRES 2015 29
Diode Clamped (NPC) 3-level Inverter

19 space vector locations

n1

1, where n is the number of levels in the inverter
6 * m
m1
27 switching states ( n3 , where n is the number of levels in the inverter)
PEGCRES 2015 30
Diode Clamped (NPC) 3-level Inverter
Inverter
Switching Device Switching Status (Phase A) Terminal
State Voltage
VAZ
S1 S2 S3 S4

P ON ON OFF OFF Vd/2

O OFF ON ON OFF 0

N OFF OFF ON ON -Vd/2

PEGCRES 2015 31
Diode Clamped (NPC) 3-level Inverter
No dynamic voltage sharing problem: Each of the
switches in the NPC inverter withstands only half of
the total dc voltage during commutation.
Static voltage equalization without using additional
components: The static voltage equalization can be
achieved when the leakage current of the top and
bottom switches in an inverter leg is selected to be
lower than that of the inner switches.
Low THD and dv/dt: The waveform of the line-to-line
voltages is composed of five voltage levels, which leads to
lower THD and dv/dt in comparison to the two-level
inverter operating at the same voltage rating and
device switching frequency.

PEGCRES 2015 32
Diode Clamped (NPC) 4-level and 5-
level Inverters

PEGCRES 2015 33
Diode Clamped (NPC) 4-level and 5-
level Inverters
SWITCH STATUS
FOUR-LEVEL INVERTER VAN
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
1 1 1 0 0 0 3E
0 1 1 1 0 0 2E
0 0 1 1 1 0 E
0 0 0 1 1 1 0
FIVE-LEVEL INVERTER
VAN
S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S2 S3 S4
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4E
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3E
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2E
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 E
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

PEGCRES 2015 34
Diode Clamped (NPC) 4-level and 5-
level Inverters

5-level space vector structure

PEGCRES 2015 35
 Diode Clamped (NPC) multilevel
Inverters
Component Count of Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters
Voltage Level Active Switches Clamping Diodesa DC Capacitors
m 6(m-1) 3(m-1)(m-2) (m-1)

3 12 6 2
4 18 18 3
5 24 36 4
6 30 60 5
7 36 90 6
aAll diodes and active switches have the same voltage rating.

PEGCRES 2015 36
 Diode Clamped (NPC) multilevel
Inverters
Disadvantages
Uneven loss distribution in the devices
In a fundamental cycle, the conduction period of the
inner devices is more than the outer devices. This
causes unequal losses in devices in a leg.
The fluctuation of the dc bus midpoint
voltage
Additional clamping diodes.
Complicated PWM switching pattern design

PEGCRES 2015 37
Flying Capacitor 3-level Inverter

PEGCRES 2015 38
Flying Capacitor 3-level Inverter

Sa1 Sa2 Sa3 Sa4 Pole voltage, VaO

1 1 0 0 Vdc/2
1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 -Vdc/2
PEGCRES 2015 39
Flying Capacitor 5-level Inverter

PEGCRES 2015 40
Flying Capacitor 5-level Inverter
Switching State Pole voltage,
S1 S2 S3 S4 VAN
1 1 1 1 4E
1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
3E
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
2E
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
E
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
PEGCRES 2015 41
 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverters
Component Count of Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverters

Voltage Level Active Switches DC Capacitors

Clamping Diodes m2
m 6(m-1) (m 1) 3 * ( k)
k1

3 12 0 5
4 18 0 12
5 24 0 22
6 30 0 35
7 36 0 51

PEGCRES 2015 42
 Multilevel (3-level) Cascaded H-
Bridge Inverters - with equal voltages

PEGCRES 2015 43
 Multilevel (3-level) Cascaded H-
Bridge Inverters - with equal voltages

Switching State Pole voltage,

S1A S2A S3A S4A VAN
1 0 0 1 E
1 0 1 0
0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 -E

PEGCRES 2015 44
Multilevel (5-level) Cascaded H-Bridge
Inverters - with equal voltages

PEGCRES 2015 45
Multilevel (5-level) Cascaded H-Bridge
Inverters - with equal voltages
Switching State Pole voltage,
VH1 VH2
S11 S31 S12 S32 VAN
1 0 1 0 E E 2E
1 0 1 1 E 0
1 0 0 0 E 0
E
1 1 1 0 0 E
0 0 1 0 0 E
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
0
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 E -E
0 1 1 0 -E E
0 1 1 1 -E 0
0 1 0 0 -E 0
-E
1 1 0 1 0 -E
0 0 0 1 0 -E
0 1 0 1 -E -E -2E
PEGCRES 2015 46
 Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge
Inverters with equal voltages
The number of voltage levels in a CHB inverter can
be found from
m = (2H + 1)
where H is the number of H-bridge cells per phase leg.
The voltage level m is always an odd number for the CHB
inverter while in other multilevel topologies such as
diode-clamped inverters, it can be either an even or odd
number.
The total number of active switches (IGBTs) used in
the CHB inverters can be calculated by
Nsw = 6(m 1)

PEGCRES 2015 47
Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters (7 and
9-level) per phase diagram

PEGCRES 2015 48
Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters -
with unequal voltages

Per phase diagram

PEGCRES 2015 49
Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters -
with unequal voltages
Voltage Level and Switching State of the Two-Cell Seven-Level CHB
Inverter with Unequal dc Voltages

PEGCRES 2015 50
 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters
Component Count of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters

Voltage Level Active Switches

Clamping Diodes DC Sources
m 6(m-1)

3 12 0 3
5 24 0 6
7 36 0 9
9 48 0 12

PEGCRES 2015 51
 References
B. Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley-IEEE
Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2006.
J. Rodriguez, J. S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, Multilevel inverters: A
survey of topologies, controls, and applications, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 49(4), 724738, August
2002.
N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power
Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, 3 edn,
Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, October 10, 2002.
Rodriguez, S. Bernet, B. Wu, J. O. Pontt, and S. Kouro,
Multilevel voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial
medium-voltage drives, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, 54(6), 29302945, December 2007.

PEGCRES 2015 52
PEGCRES 2015 53