HORMONE SYNTHESIS,

RELEASE AND TRANSPORT

The hormones speak :
We are the chemical
messengers of the body.
Diversified in our
structure and function;
Act either directly or
through messenger;
Growth, health, and
welfare is our motto
The structure of insulin
BIOCHEMISTRY
MEDICAL FACULTY USU
Intracelluler Communication

All cells detect and respond to

environmental stimuli
Intracelluler communication :
- endocrine
- nervous
- immune
Endocrine glands secrete hormones

BIOCHEMISTRY
MEDICAL FACULTY USU
 Hormone
Hormone:
produced in small amounts by specific
tissues (endocrine glands), control the
metabolic and biological activities in the
target cells
Active at low concentrations (picogram to
nanogram)
 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION
Categorized by site of synthesis
1. Endocrine hormones
2. Paracrine hormones
3. Autocrine hormones

BIOCHEMISTRY
MEDICAL FACULTY USU
 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

Categorized by water solubility

1. Hydrophilic hormones /The water

soluble hormones
2. Lipohilic hormones /The lipid soluble
hormones

BIOCHEMISTRY
MEDICAL FACULTY USU
 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

Categorized by the
location of the receptors
1. Receptors on the
surface of the target
cell, on the plasma
membrane
2. Receptors in the
intracelluler
 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

Categorized by chemical structure

Protein and polypeptide

Amine
Steroid
Eicosanoid
 BIOCHEMISTRY
MEDICAL FACULTY USU
 PEPTIDE HORMONES

Consist of specific amino acids

Synthesized as large precursor proteins
Stored in membrane-enclosed
compartments
Hydrophillic
 PEPTIDA INSULIN

Di sintesa di Pulau Pankreas sebagai

preproinsulin
Untuk sekresi disimpan di RES
oleh enzim mikrosomal dibelah menjadi
proinsulin sewaktu memasuki membran RES
Proinsulin diangkut ke golgi kompleks
dikemas menjadi secretory granules
Di granula, C-Peptida dipisahkan insulin
disekresikan
Protein and Polypeptide Hormones Synthesis

: Peptide hormone synthesis and packaging

Proinsulin

Insulin
AMINE HORMONES

Derived from the amino acid tyrosine

Includes thyroid hormones and
catecholamines
Stored until secreted
 Thyroid Hormones

Thyroid gland produce T3 and T4

hormones
Iodide (I-) actively transported into the
follicle of thyroid gland
Oxidized to iodine (Io) by a peroxidase
 Thyroid Hormones

Iodine attached to tyrosine within

thyroglobulin chain
MIT, DIT
MIT and DIT or 2 DIT molecules
coupled together
TSH via cAMP stimulates hydrolyze T3
and T4 from thyroglobulin (inhibited by
KI)
 STEROID HORMONES

Precursor: Cholesterol
Lipophillic
Immediately released from the cell
following synthesis
 Hormon Steroid

Korteks adrenal sintesis :

glukokortikoid, mineralokortikoid, sex
steroid
Terutama dari kolesterol plasma
(sebahagian kecil dari asetil koA)
Kolesterol plasma dirubah menjadi
pregnenolon oleh enzim sitokrom P450
(mitkondria atau RES)
Hormon Steroid
 Hormon Steroid

Kekhususan seluler :
sintesis mineralokortikoid pada sel
glomerulosa
18 hidroksilase dan 18 hidroksisteroid
dehidrogenase hanya ditemukan pada
sel ini
Golongan Hormon Steroid
 Protein Transport

Thyroid Hormones

Globulin alfa (85%)TBG

TBPA (transferitin)
Albumin sedikit
 Protein Transport

Hormon Steroid

Kortisol
- 75 % terikat CBG (transkortin)
- 10 % kortisol bebas
- selebihnya pada albumin
(mis deksametason)
 Protein Transport
Hormon Steroid

Androgen
- DHEA terikat lemah pada albumin
- Testoteron terikat pada globulin spesifik
( SHBG)
Mineralokortikoid
- tidak punya protein pengangkut spesifik
- membentuk ikatan lemah dengan
abumin
EICOSANOIDS HORMONE

Produced from arachidonic acid,

Released from phospholipids by action of
phospholipase A2, phospholipase C
Produced in almost every organ
In one pathway arachidonic acid is converted
to prostanoids by a group of enzymes, the
cyclooxygenase system
A second pathway to produce leukotrienes
by the enzyme 5 lipoxygenase
EICOSANOIDS HORMONE
Prostaglandins

SAIDS inhibit action of phospholipase

NSAIDs, such as aspirin and derivatives of
ibuprofen, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity of
PGH2 Synthase
They inhibit formation of prostaglandins
involved in fever, pain, & inflammation
They inhibit blood clotting by blocking
thromboxane formation in blood platelets
REFERENCES

Devlin T M, PhD. Text Book of Biochemistry with

Clinical Correlations 5thed. Wiley-Liss, New York.
2002 : 906-952, 982-983
McKee Trudy, McKee James R. The molecular
basis of Life. 3rded. McGraw-Hill. Americas, New
York. 2003 : 541-559
Murray R K, et al. Harpers Biochemistry 26thed.
Appleton & Lange. America 2003: 434-473
Raff A, et al. Moleculer Biology of The Cell. 4thed.
Garland Science. New York. 2002: 832-892
Stryer L. Biokimia. Edisi 4. EGC, Jakarta. 2000.:
340-358