Fresh Field MTC 001 Section 3

GSM System
Overview
Section Three
GSM Air Interface
Presentation Outline
• GSM Frequency Spectrum
• Power Class Allocation Table
• Channel Coding and Modulation
• GSM TDMA Frame Structure
• Advanced Features
• Summary
 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 2

Company Confidential
Objectives
• At the end of this course, attendees will:
– Understand frequency allocations in GSM
– Have an appreciation of GSM air-interface burst structures
– Have an understanding of idle mode processes
– Have an appreciation of dedicated mode processes

Um Air-Interface
BTS
MS

GSM Frequency Spectrum
P-GSM900 E-GSM900 GSM1800 GSM1900
960 935 1880 1990
BS
Tx
DL
935 925 1805 1930
20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
Guard Band Guard Band Guard Band Guard Band
890 1785 1910 80 MHz
915 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz
BS Separation Separation Separation Separation
Rx
UL
880 1710 1850
890

GSM Frequency Spectrum
• Each system comprises two frequency bands
– Uplink band for mobile to fixed BTS communication
– Downlink band for base station transmission to mobiles
• Uplink always uses lower frequency band
– lower band gives better radio propagation which is more critical
for power-limited mobiles
• Channel numbers assume guard bands of 200 KHz
– GSM900 offers 124 channels
– E-GSM900 offers 49 channels (not all mobiles support this)
GSM Frequencies and Channel Numbering
• In GSM, the channel numbering scheme is used more
often than the actual MHz frequency.
• Actual frequencies can be calculated from the ARFCN
as:
Ful (n)890.00.2 (n x ) MHz
Fdl (n )Ful 45MHz

where
nARFCN, x  0, 1  n  124 for P  GSM
nARFCN, x  1024, 975  n  1023 for E  GSM

Multi-band Networks
GSM 900
GSM 1800

Multi-band Networks
• The use of multi-band techniques can provide a major
capacity enhancement for GSM900 operators.
• Available systems now support seamless switching
between GSM900 and GSM1800 layers.
• Usually GSM1800 is used for capacity take-up and
GSM900 is used for coverage
• Inter-layer handover
– Current systems support inter-layer handover using separate
control and traffic channels
– Future systems will support inter-layer handover using one
control channel and separate traffic channels .
Power Class Allocation Table
GSM900 GSM1800 Mobile Station

Power Class Power O/P (Watts)
Power Class Power O/P (Watts)
1 20 (Deleted)
2 8 1 1
3 5 2 0.25
4 2
5 0.8
• Most operators design their networks assuming 2W

and 0.8 W (GSM900) and 1W (GSM1800) only

• Eight classes of power levels for the BTS at macrocell
level
Power GSM900 Base GSM1800 Base
Class Station Power Station Power
Watts (dBm) Watts (dBm)
1 3 20 W ( 5 5) 2 0 W ( 4 3)
2 1 60 W ( 5 2) 1 0 W ( 4 0)
3 8 0 W ( 49 ) 5 W ( 37 )
4 4 0 W ( 46 ) 2.5 W ( 3 4)
5 2 0 W ( 43 )
6 1 0 W ( 40 )
7 5 W ( 3 7)
8 2 .5 W ( 3 4 )
• Most operators employ a fixed range of BTS power

8
levels (10W-40W) for their networks.

• Three classes of power levels for the BTS at microcell
level
Power Class Base Station Power
Watts (dBm)
M1 0.25 W (24)
M2 0.08 W (19)
8
M3 0.03 W (14)
• Some manufacturers however provide microcell BTS

products with output powers of 1W.

Channel Coding & Modulation
Tx &
Antenna
8 Timeslots
270.8kbps
Digitising &
Source
Modulation
Encoding
13kbps 33.8kbps
Channel 22.8kbps Bit Burst

Ciphering
Coding Interleaving Formatting

EFR Speech Coding
244 bits
Class 1A Class 1B Class 2
50 bits 124 bits 70 bits
1A+15 most important from 1B
8 Repetition
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Bits
Extra 8 Bits Produced

260 bits
Full-Rate Speech Coding
260 bits
Parity
Check Bits
Tail Bits
50 3 132 4
456 bits
Convolutional Coding
378 bits 78 bits
456 bits
Data Encoding
240 bits
Tail Bits
240 bits 4
488 bits
Code Puncturing
456 bits

Signalling Coding
184 bits
Tail Bits
Fire coding adds 40
redundant bits
224 bits 4
456 bits

GSM TDMA Frame Structure
• GSM employs TDMA, TDD techniques
• Each frequency channel is divided into eight different
time-slots numbered 0 to 7.
• Each of the eight time slots is assigned to an
individual user.
• In each cell one of the carriers, (the BCCH), does not
have all its 8 time slots free for traffic.
• If a mobile is assigned time slot number 1, it transmits
only in this time slot and stays idle for the remaining
seven time slots.
546 sec
Training
Tail Data Flag Flag Data Tail
Sequence
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
577 sec
1 burst period -Timeslot
577 sec
TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2
Frame 4.615 ms
• Bit rate of 270.83 kbits/s.
• Bit duration of 3.69 us.
• Time slot duration of 156.26 bits or 0.577 ms.
• TDMA frame duration of 8 x 0.577 = 4.615 ms.
• Front-end filter reduces GSM bandwidth requirements
to 200 kHz.

GSM TDMA Frame Structures
• In GSM a burst refers to one time slot and has a bit
duration of 156.25 bits.
• GSM employs five different types of bursts for
communications between the BTS and the MS:
– Normal Burst
– Frequency Correction Burst
– Synchronisation Burst
– Random Access Burst
– Dummy Burst
• These burst types are used for different functions for
conveying traffic and control signalling information.
Channel Types
BSS
Control Traffic
Channels Channels
Broadcast Common Dedicated

Voice Data
Control Control Control
Channel Channel
Channel Channel Channel
Frequency
Paging Standalone Dedicated Full Rate 9.6 kb/s
Correction
Access Request Slow Associated Enhanced Full Rate 4.8 kb/s
Synchronisation
Access Granting Fast Associated Half Rate 2.4 kb/s
Broadcast Info
MS

Control Channel Groups
Control
Channels
Broadcast Control Common Control Dedicated Control

Channel (BCCH) Channel (CCCH) Channel (DCCH)
FCCH BCCH RACH CBCH SDCCH SACCH
BCCH PCH/AGCH FACCH

Frequency Correction Burst
148 bits all set to 0
Downlink

Synchronisation Burst
BSIC & Training BSIC &

Tail Tail
Frame No. Sequence Frame No.
64
3 39 39 3
Sync
Burst
Downlink
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
MCC ARFCN – Serving Cell

MNC Training Neighbour Cells
Tail Flag Flag Tail
LAC Sequence Class Access
Cell ID MS Tx Power
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Normal
Burst
Downlink
Paging Channel (PCH)
TMSI TMSI
Training
Tail or Flag Flag or Tail
Sequence
IMSI IMSI
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Normal
Burst
Downlink
Random Access Burst
321 sec
Random
Fixed bits Identifier
Tail Tail Guard Period
&
 256  sec
Cause Value
8 41 36 3
Access
Burst
Uplink
Access Grant Channel
Immediate Immediate
Assignment Training Assignment
Tail Flag Flag Tail
Or Sequence Or
Reject Reject
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Normal
Burst
Downlink
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
Layer 3 Messages
Layer 3 Messages
Call Setup
Call Setup Training
Tail Flag Flag Location Area Update Tail
Location Area Update Sequence
SMS
SMS
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Normal Normal
Burst Burst
Uplink & Downlink

Slow Associated Control Channel
Radio Link Maintenance Radio Link Maintenance
Timing Advance Training Timing Advance

Tail Flag Flag Tail
Power Control Sequence Power Control
Rx Signal Strength Rx Signal Strength
Quality Quality
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Normal Normal
Burst Burst
Uplink & Downlink

Cell Broadcast Channel
Cell Broadcast Training Cell Broadcast

Tail Flag Flag Tail
Message Sequence Message
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Normal
Burst
Downlink
Synchronisation With Network
• When switched on, the MS synchronises itself in
frequency, in time and subsequently decodes
information from the BCCH.
• Synchronisation in frequency is undertaken by:
– scanning the operators GSM frequency allocation and selecting
the channel with the highest power level
– detecting the FCCH at +67 kHz above the BCCH frequency
• Synchronisation in time is undertaken by:
– detecting the SCH after finding the FCCH
• BCCH decoding is undertaken using the parameters
specified in the SCH.
Location Updating
 The MS performs location updating to inform the network where it is. This
ensures that if calls arrive from the PSTN or any other MS, the network can
direct paging messages via the PCH to a specific BTS.
 Location updating is performed when the MS is switched on or when it
moves between location areas.
Channel MS BS
RACH Channel Request
AGCH Channel Assignment
SDCCH Request for location updating
SDCCH Authentication request from network
SDCCH Authentication response from the mobile station
SDCCH Request to transmit in ciphered mode
SDCCH Acknowledgement of ciphered mode
SDCCH Confirmation of the location updatng, ncluding th
optional assignment of a temporary identity
SDCCH Acknowledgement of the new location and the
temporary identity
SDCCH Channel release from network

Call Establishment - Mobile Terminated
Channel MS BS
PCH Paging of the mobile station
RACH Channel Request
AGCH Channel Assignment
SDCCH Answer to the paging from te network
SDCCH Authentication request from network
SDCCH Authentication response from the mobile station
SDCCH Request to transmit in ciphered mode
SDCCH Acknowledgement of ciphered mode
SDCCH Setup message for the incoming call
SDCCH Confirmation
SDCCH Assignment of a traffic channel
FACCH Acknowledgement of the traffic channel
FACCH Alerting (caller gets ringing sound)
FACCH Connect message when the mobile is off-hook
FACCH Acceptance of the connect message
TCH Exchange of user data (speech)

Control Channel Configurations
Combined Multiframe
TS0 ARFCN 1 FCH SCH BCCH 3 CCCH 4 SDCCH
Non-Combined Multiframes (Minimum Configuration)

TS0 ARFCN 1 FCH SCH BCCH 9 CCCH
TS1 ARFCN 1 8 SDCCH

Timeslots
B
U
R Data Burst
S
B B B B B B B
T
U U U U U U U
R R R R R R R
S S S S S S S
T T T T T T T
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
Timeslot
DTMA Frame
Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

Traffic Multiframe (26 TDMA frames)
B
U
R
ST
B
Data Burst
B B B B B B
U U U U U U U
R R R R R R R
ST ST ST ST ST ST ST
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
SACCH IDLE
0 1 2 3 4 5 68 79 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
6 719 20 21 22 23 24 25
Multiframe 120 ms
The 26-Multiframe Traffic Channel Structure
T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
T=TCH, S=SACCH, I=idle

26 Frames = 120ms
 The first 12 frames are used to transmit traffic data.

 The next frame is an SACCH frame which is used to transmit
signal measurement information.
 The next 12 frames are again used to transmit traffic data.
 The last frames in the multiframe is idle and is used for
measurement of signal levels of the neighbouring cells by the
MS
 The total length of the multiframe is 26 x 4.615 ms = 120 ms.

The 51-Multiframe Signalling Structure
FCCH + SCH + CCCH + BCCH Logical Channel
Combination
F S BCCH CCCH F S CCCH F S CCCH F S CCCH F S CCCH I
0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11 12-19 20 21 22-29 30 31 32-39 40 41 42-49 50
Downlink F=FCCH, S=SCH, B=BCCH, C=CCCH (PCH,AGCH), I=idle

51 Frames = 235.38 ms
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11 12-19 20 21 22-29 30 31 32-39 40 41 42-49 50
Uplink R=RACH
51 Frames = 235.38 ms
– This channel combination is used in cells with several carriers

and a large amount of expected traffic on the CCCHs. It is
transmitted on slot 0 of the carrier designated the BCCH.

The 51-Multiframe Signalling Structure
FCCH + SCH + CCCH + BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
Logical Channel Combination
F S BCCH CCCH F S CCCH F S SDCCH 0/1 F S SDCCH 2/3 F S SACCH 0/1 I
0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11 12-19 20 21 22-29 30 31 32-39 40 41 42-49 50
F S BCCH CCCH F S CCCH F S SDCCH 0/1 F S SDCCH 2/3 F S SACCH 23 I

0 2-5 6-9 10 11 12-19 20 21 22-29 30 31 32-39 40 41 42-49 50
Downlink F=FCCH, S=SCH, B=BCCH, C=CCCH (PCH,AGCH), I=idle

51 Frames = 235.38 ms
S3 R A2 A3 R S0 S1 R S2
0-3 4-5 6-9 10-13 14-36 37-40 41-44 45-46 47-50
S3 R A0 A1 R S0 S1 4 S2
0-3 4-5 6-9 10-13 14-36 37-40 41-44 45-46 47-50
Uplink R=RACH, S=SDCCH/4 A=SACCH/4

51 Frames = 235.38 ms

26- and 51-Multiframe Combinations
• GSM employs superframe and hyperframe structures
to combine the 26 user data multiframe and the 51
signalling data multiframe.
• A superframe consists of 26 x 51 TDMA frames or
1,326 frames and has a duration of 6.12s.
• A hyperframe consists of 2048 superframes.
• Special counters, T1, T2 and T3 are used to number
TDMA frames in the superframe and hyperframe
structure.

26- and 51-Multiframe Combinations
• T1 counts super frames and has values between 0 and
2047.
• T2 counts speech frames and has values between 0
and 25 in the 26-multiframe structure.
• T3 counts signalling frames and has values between 0
and 50 in the 51-multiframe structure.
• These counter values are transmitted in the SCH and
assist the mobile in identifying the BCCH and system
information.

Uplink and Downlink Timeslots
BTS Tx
DL
Time
BTS Rx 3 TS
UL Offset
Time

GSM Air-Interface
Advanced Features

Frequency Hopping
Time
Radio Tx/Rx

Frequency Hopping at the BTS
• Frequency hopping at the BTS can be implemented in
either one of two ways:
– baseband hopping
– synthesizer hopping
• Baseband hopping means that each transmitter (TRX)

at the BTS operates on a fixed frequency. All bursts,
irrespective of which TCH connection they belong to
are routed to the transmitter of the proper frequency
at transmission.

Baseband Hopping
TRX1 CONTROLLER transmitter
f0
f1 filter
combiner
f2
f3
bus for routing of

bursts
Baseband Hopping
• The advantage of this mode is that narrowband
tunable filter combiners can be used. With up to 16
inputs, it is possible to have as many frequencies in a
hopping set without having to connect several
combiners in cascade.
• The disadvantage is that it is possible to use a larger

number of frequencies than there are transmitters.

Synthesiser Hopping
f0...fn hybrid
combiner
f0...fn hybrid
combiner
f0...fn hybrid
combiner
f0...fn

Synthesiser Hopping
• Transmitter tunes to the correct frequency at
transmission of each burst.
• Number of frequencies that can be used for hopping
is not dependent upon the number of transmitters
available.
• Wide-band hybrid combiners must be used (insertion
loss of 2-3 dB).
• Bursts are not routed via the bus as in the case of
baseband hopping.

Frequency Hopping Parameters
Mobile Allocation (MA)
• ARFCN Allocation
Mobile Allocation Indication Offset (MAIO)

• Starting ARFCN
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN)
• 0 Cyclic
• 1-63 Pseudo Random

Power Control
High
Power
Low
Power

Power Control
2W
0.25W 1W
• RF power control refers to the mechanism by which the transmission

power of the MS (and optionally the BTS) can be modified within a given
range mainly to reduce the level of interference to co-channel users
whilst maintaining the same communications quality.

Power Control
• There are three primary reasons for power regulation
at the mobile:
• Reduction in battery power consumption and therefore longer talk time.
• The receiver in the BTS has a limited dynamic range. This may cause
problems when the mobile is very close to a BTS. In this case the BTS
receiver might become saturated due to a very high received signal
strength from the mobile. A saturated receiver is temporarily blocked for
all timeslots. To avoid this power regulation is applied.
• If the average output power of all mobile stations is reduced, the
interference in the network will be reduced since every mobile will radiate
less power into the air. Close to the BTS, the output power of mobiles is
reduced. When mobiles move away from the BTS, the radiated power
has to be increased.

Power Control
• In the GSM system, power regulation is performed in
steps of 2 dB with full power adjustment range of up
to 30 dB.
• It is based upon the measurement reports of the
signal level (RXLEV) and the RXQUAL taken every
SACCH multiframe, equivalent to an interval of 480
ms. Data Description Source
Uplink signal strength, full BTS
Uplink signal strength, sub BTS
Uplink quality, full BTS
Uplink quality, sub BTS
Power level used by MS MS
DTX used by mobile or not MS

Power Control
• In uplink, MS power is estimated by BSC
• Measurement data is averaged
• Since the 2 dB regulation occurs every 60 ms, the
actual maximum power regulation range is 16 dB
during one SACCH period.

Mobile States
• IMSI Detach – Phone Switched Off

• Service Request/IMSI Attach
• IMSI Attached – Phone Idle N

• Location Area Update E
T
W
• Dedicated Mode
• Authentication O
• Encryption R
• Paging K
• Mobile terminated / originated call
• Handover
• Channel Release – Mobile terminated / originated

Cell Selection
Switch ON
Yes 1st Time with SIM No
Scan all DL Frequencies Scan all DL Frequencies
Able to Decode BCCH ?

Yes No
Calculate C1 Discard Frequency
Form “League Table” of C! Results
Select “League Champion”Cell

Cell Selection Formula
• Calculated by mobile for every cell detected
• Mobile selects cell with biggest C1 value
C1=X-MAX(Y,0)
X = Rx level – minimum level in cell

Access burst Tx power – max mobile Tx power
• For big C1 need big X, small Y
X big if level received is bigger than minimum

Y small if mobile easily capable of Tx AB

Cell Reselection
Mobile moves
Phase of mobile
1 2
NO C2 Parameters being Tx’d
Recalculate C1
in new cell’s BCCH ?
YES
Calculate C2
Reselect into cell Reselect into cell

with best C1 With best C2

C2 Formula
• Calculated by mobile for every cell detected
• Mobile reselects cell with biggest C2 value
• Can control mobile’s entry into cell
C1=(C1+ATTRACT VALUE) – (REPEL VALUE x A)
• Can make cell look good with big attract value

• Can make cell look bad with big repel value
• Can include time in cell with A value
A = 0 if mobile in cell longer than minimum
A = 1 if mobile not in cell for minimum time
• Major application in microcell underlay situation

Cell Reselection Example
Macro
Micro • Large macros for fast movers

• Small micros for services
(slow/stationary)
• Use C2 to keep fast movers
out of micro
Service
• Micro only used for people in
Macro services for reasonable period
of time
Location Area Updates
Normal
South Periodic
East Wales Bristol
Location Location
Area Area

Reselection Margin
W to X Y to Z when
when X’s C1/C2 > W’s Z’s C1/C2>Y’s + Reselect Margin
X Z
W Y
LAC1 LAC2
Dedicated Mode Processes
UL Level &
Quality
Serving
BTS
DL Level & Quality

(Serving Cell)
DL Level (BCCH of
each Neighbour)

Mobile Cycle
Rx Retune Tx Measure Rx Retune Tx
1 Frame=4.615 ms
45 MHz
Receive from server, measure
level and quality
Transmit to server
y MHz
Measure one neighbour BCCH x MHz
level

Co-channel Interference
Cell 15 BCCH BCCH

BCCH
ARFCN 100 Serving
Cell
Cell 2 BCCH
BCCH
ARFCN 100
BCCH BCCH

Decoding the BSIC
• BSIC is NCC and BCC
• Sent in SCH in timeslot 0 of BCCH carrier
• Mobile uses idle frame in 26 frame multi-frame
• Listens to neighbour BCCH for whole frame
• 1 timeslot of frame must be timeslot zero:
May hit timeslot zero during SCH
May hit timeslot zero at different point in its 51 frame multi-
frame
• If don’t get SCH, try again next idle frame
• Next idle frame corresponds to different point 51 frame multi-
frame
• May take several attempts, but will get BSIC
• Reason for “sliding” effect (26 & 51 frames)
• If BSIC not decoded, neighbour still in measurement report but
ignored by BTS
Measurement Reports
SERVING CELL
Signal Strength Full = 100 measurements  100
Signal Strength Sub = 12 measurements  12
Signal Quality Full = 100 measurements  100
Signal Quality Sub = 12 measurements  12
NEIGHBOUR CELL
Signal Strength = y measurements  y
BSIC
AFRCN
MOBILE
Current Timing Advance
Current TX Power
DTX Flag
Re-Averaging
Rx Signal
Strength
Time
480 ms

Re-Averaging Parameters
3x2x480 ms=2.88 sec warm-up
480 ms
MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
Example:
Decision !! hreqave = hreqt = 2
…..480 ms later
480 ms
MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
Decision !! Decision “rolls forward”

Voting
Example: P=3 N=4
Minimum acceptable receive level = -90 dBm
-83 -87 -85 -92 -96 -93 -93 -94 -93 -96 -92 -99
Do at least 3 out of 4 exceed – 90 ?

Yes
Handover to the best adjacent cell

Handover
MSC
BSC A BSC B
2 5 8
1 4 7
3 6 9

Handover Causes
• Uplink Quality
• Downlink Quality
• Uplink Signal Level
• Downlink Signal Level
• Uplink Interference
• Downlink Interference
• Distance
• Power Level

Quality Measurements
BSC A
Training Training
Training Sequence Sequence
Sequence
BER:10x
Value Used in Calculation DL Quality
RxQual BER
%
0 <0.2 0.14 0
Upper RXQUAL 1
1 0.2-0.4 0.28
DL 2
2 0.4-0.8 0.57
3
3 0.8-1.6 1.13
Lower RXQUAL 4
4 1.6-3.2 2.26
DL 5
5 3.2-6.4 4.53
6
6 6.4-12.8 9.05 7
7 >12.8 18.1

Power Measurements
RxLev Signal Level (dBm)
63 >-48
62 -48 to -49 -47 dBm
61 -49 to -50
Upper RxLev -60 dBm
: :
-70 dBm
: :
: : -80 dBm
1 -109 to -110
Lower RxLev -90 dBm
0 <-110
-100 dBm
-110 dBm

Interference
Interferer
Rx Power
-47 dBm
Bands
Rx Power 5
Rx Quality -60 dBm
4
-70 dBm
0 3
-80 dBm
2
-90 dBm
-60dBm 4 1
-100 dBm
5 0
-90dBm -110 dBm
BTS
ARFCN 100 ARFCN 120

3
-90dBm

Timing Advance
0.01ms
0.2ms
0.1ms
• The BTS performs measurements on the timing delay from mobiles and
commands those with bursts arriving too late at the base site to advance
burst transmissions. This feature is known as timing advance.
• Timing advance figures: 0 to 63 corresponding to 0 to 0.252ms. Each
timing advance value corresponds to 1 bit duration (3.69 us).

Power Budget
Serving Neighbour
Cell Cell
B
Power
Budget
Reported A Reported
Server Neighbour
BTS BTS
Level 10 km Level

Power Budget
Value = [min (MS Access Max Pwr)(MS Max Pwr)]-[RxLev Dl-PwrAdj Dl]
Power Budget Required for Handover = 10 dB

Serving Cell Neighbour Cell
MS Access Max Pwr = 20 dBm MS Access Max Pwr = 20 dBm
MS Max Pwr =30 dBm MS Max Pwr =30 dBm
Rx Lev Dl =-83 dBm Rx Lev Dl =-65 dBm
Pwr Adj DL =-10dB Pwr Adj DL =0dB
Value=[min(20)(30)]-[(-83)-(-10)] Value=[min(20)(30)]-[(-65)-(0)]
=93 dBm =85 dBm
Actual Power Budget=8 dB

Summary
• GSM air-interface is based upon a TDMA structure.
• GSM relies upon the use of both control and traffic
signalling
• Advanced features such as frequency hopping, DTX
and power control are employed in GSM
• GSM mobiles enter into various states for which
various network processes apply


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GSM System

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 2

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 3

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 4

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 5

Fdl (n )Ful 45MHz

nARFCN, x  1024, 975  n  1023 for E  GSM

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 7

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 8

GSM900 GSM1800 Mobile Station

• Most operators design their networks assuming 2W

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 10

• Most operators employ a fixed range of BTS power

levels (10W-40W) for their networks.

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 11

• Some manufacturers however provide microcell BTS

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 12

Channel 22.8kbps Bit Burst

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 13

1A+15 most important from 1B

Extra 8 Bits Produced

378 bits 78 bits

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 16

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 17

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 20

Broadcast Common Dedicated

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 22

Broadcast Control Common Control Dedicated Control

FCCH BCCH RACH CBCH SDCCH SACCH

BCCH PCH/AGCH FACCH

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 23

148 bits all set to 0

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 24

BSIC & Training BSIC &

MCC ARFCN – Serving Cell

Uplink & Downlink

Radio Link Maintenance Radio Link Maintenance

Timing Advance Training Timing Advance

Uplink & Downlink

Cell Broadcast Training Cell Broadcast

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 34

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 35

Non-Combined Multiframes (Minimum Configuration)

TS1 ARFCN 1 8 SDCCH

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 36

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 37

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7

Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

T=TCH, S=SACCH, I=idle

 The first 12 frames are used to transmit traffic data.

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 39

Downlink F=FCCH, S=SCH, B=BCCH, C=CCCH (PCH,AGCH), I=idle

– This channel combination is used in cells with several carriers

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 40

F S BCCH CCCH F S CCCH F S SDCCH 0/1 F S SDCCH 2/3 F S SACCH 23 I

Downlink F=FCCH, S=SCH, B=BCCH, C=CCCH (PCH,AGCH), I=idle

Uplink R=RACH, S=SDCCH/4 A=SACCH/4

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 41

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 42

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 43

 2001 Freshfield Communications Limited. Slide 44