DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS
AND
GRAMMAR

Judy Colmenero
 GRAMMATICAL
COHESION AND
TEXTUALITY

Spoken and written discourses display grammatical

connections between individual clauses and utterances.
These grammatical links can be classified under three
broad types :
Reference or co- reference
Ellipsis/ substitution
Conjunction
REFERENCES:

It is used to define the relationship between a word

and what it points to in the real world.

But is can also simply refers to the relationship

between two linguistic expressions.

Reference items in English include pronouns,

demonstratives, the article the, and items like such
a.
 REFERENCES

EXOPHORIC ENDOPHORIC

TO PRECIDING TO FOLLOWING
(TEXT ANAPHORA) (TEXT CATAPHORA)
Exophoric
References.

References to assumed, shared worlds outside of

the text.

They are not text-internal, they are not truly

cohesive.

The referent is not in the immediate context but is

assumed by the speaker/writer to be part of a
shared world. Is often to a world of discourse
connected with the discourse of the moment.
ENDHOPORIC
REFERENCES

References to elements in the text are called Endophoric

references.
Endophoric referencing can be divided into two areas:
1. Anaphoric
2. Cataphoric
ANAPHORIC
REFERENCE

Exercises which
involve looking back
in text to find the
referent. Have long
been common in first
and second
language teaching
and testing.
Examples:

1. Maria is trying to pass the quiz.

She doesnt want to repeat the
semester.
2. Carlos believes in eternal love.
He hasnt met a girl.
3. Ulises and Marian are dancing.
They look so ridiculous!
Usually items such as he/she or them
can be decoded without major difficulty.

it and this may be more troublesome

because their ability to refer to longer
stretches of text.

It is helpful, to return to the notion of

discourse segments as functions units, rather
than concentrating on sentences.
Cataphoric Reference

Is relatively simple, but language learners may lack awareness

or confidence to put into use in constructing text, and may
need to have the feature explicitly taught or exercised.
Examples:

1. I stepped on it. The large snake in the middle of

the path.
2. When I met her, Mary looked ill.
3. Here is the news. The Prime Minister..
THEME AND RHEME

Theme can be defined as:

1. The start of the clause.

2. Everything up to and including the first ideational
element.
3. Of what would be the message about.
Examples:

I come down in the bus.

But he did not pay attention to me.

His wife does not give him permission.

Our rabbit Heleriodoro was relaxing in the

bath.
Ellipsis/ substitution

Ellipsis is distinguished by the structure having some

missing element.

-Are used when a speaker or writer wishes to avoid the

repetition of a lexical item and draw on one of the
grammatical resources of the language or replace the item.
Example of Ellipsis:
Ellipsis within the verbal group may cause
greater problems. Two very common types
of verbal groups are:

Echoing- repeats an element from the

verbal group.

Auxiliary contrasting- When auxiliary

changes.
Difficulties in Ellipsis

Ellipsis not only crats difficulties in learning what

structural omissions are permissible, but also does
not seem to be readily used even by proficient
learners in situations where native speakers naturally
resort to it.

Other aspects that are difficult for learners occur in

the area where ellipsis intersect with what is often
treated under the grammar of coordination.
SUBSTITUTION

When we want to substitute a word or phrase

with a filler word (one, so, or do) to avoid
repetition.

Substitution

one / ones do so / not

Nominal Verbal Clausal
Nominal Subtitution:

1. There are some new adventure time shoes. These ones

have lost their bounce.

2. Do you want bananas? Yes, Ill take one.

Verbal Subtitution

1. A: David says you drink too much tea!

B: So do you!

2. Did you go? Yes I did.

Clausal
Substitution

1. We should recognize him

when we see him. Yes, but
supposing not: What do
we do?
2. Is there going to be an
earthquake? It says so.
CONJUNCTION

Cohesive link between clauses of a text. This is to show a

meaningful pattern between them.

Single-word conjunctions merge into phrasal and clausal

ones, and there is often little difference between the linking f
two clauses by a single- word conjunction, a phrasal one, or a
lexical item somewhere else in the clause.
Elaboration
means that one part is used to expands another by creating words that
express better the ideas
Subtype are apposition and clarification
Example of words: in other words, or rather.

Extension
A part that expands by adding something, but giving it an alternative
Subtypes are addition and variation
Example of words: and, but, alternatively.

Enhancement
A part that expands by adding something to look at the word better with
feature of time, place, cause or condition.
Subtypes are spatio-temporal and causal-temporal.
Examples of words: Consequently, in that case.
Exercise:

1. I have a pencil and a eraser.

2. In other words, the best ice cream is the chocolate.
3. In that case, I will say you are hot!
4. Luc is sick but he is not in the hospital.
5. By the way, I think you are pretty as the flowers.
6. I finish my project however, I think is really bad.
7. Meanwhile Jake is watching television, Kim is doing her
h.w.
 TENSE AND ASPECT

Tense- Related to time when activity

or state occur.

Aspect in a language comments

upon some characteristic of the
activity or state
 TENSE

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

ASPECT

PROGRESSIVE PERFECT
THANK YOU