Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
By
Prof. M.M. Mohamed
WHAT IS ULTRA SOUND?
Ultrasound Audible
2-10 MHz Sound
Up to 20 kHz
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND
2 - 10 MHz
Frequency Range Name
< 20 Hz Infrasound
NONINVASIVE
NON-TRAUMATIC
LESS EXPENSIVE
BUT...
Absorption.
Scattering.
Attenuation.
Reflection and Refraction:
Geometric
Characteristics
1) Absorption
2x
I ( x) I 0 e
2) Scattering
( f ) f n
db/cm for f > 0
Where,
f is the frequency,
a(f) is the frequency dependent attenuation coefficient,
b is the attenuation coefficient slope with frequency, and
n is the non linearity frequency attenuation parameter.
Ultrasound System
Ultrasound systems must contain some form of the five
system blocks.
Display - The system will have some way of displaying the data
it acquires.
User Interface - It must have a user interface, this may be
mechanical or voice activated.
Transducer Your ultrasound system will have a transducer
to convert electrical impulses to sound and back.
Image Processing - The ultrasound machine will have some
sort of image processing. This may be analog or digital.
Power Supply - Finally it will have a power supply, again
analog or digital.
Peripherals ( may include cameras, or printers).
Transducer
Linear Array
Sector Phased Array
Vector Phased Array
Linear Phased Array
Curved Phased Array
Mechanical Endo Cavity
Phased Endo Cavity
Mechanical, rotating wheel
Mechanical, wobblers
Mechanical, acoustic mirror
Ultrasonic transducer
In the case of ultrasound two transducer function are
recognized:
Natural quartz,
Barium titanate,
Rochelle salts,and
Lead zirconate titanate
(A)
(B) (C)
+ + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+
- + - - -
+ - + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Piezoelectric element (a) at rest, (b)
defect left, (c) defect right
= Ir
I0
The intensity of both the reflected and incident ultrasound waves depend on
the acoustic impedance, Z of the two mediums. Therefore the fraction of
the wave intensity reflected can be calculated for an ultrasound wave
travelling from medium 1, (acoustic impedance Z1) to medium 2 (acoustic
impedance Z2).
The Doppler effect can be used to measure blood flow in adults, children
and developing babies.
Both the time for the reflected ultrasound wave and the new frequency
of the reflected wave are measured. This enables the speed of blood flow
to be calculated. The greater the difference between the original
frequency and the reflected frequency, the greater the speed.
Computers then display this info as moving images by updating data
several times per second.
Linear Array probes have a distinctive format.
Sector phased array have a characteristic point to the
image.
Vector phased array images are similar but have flattened
tops.
Linear phased arrays have a rectangular image.
Curved arrays are arched at the top.
There are many other configuration, some very exotic
This is a simplistic view of a transducer but it contains all
the basic elements.
The cable provide the electrical connection.
The strain relief supports the very fine coaxial cables in the cable.
The case protects the internal crystal connections.
The damping material isolates the crystal element from mechanical
noise and provides mechanical support.
The piezoelectric element convert electrical impulses to
mechanical motion and back.
The filler or lens provides mechanical isolation for the
crystal element, impedance matching and its shape
provides focus.
Array construction
Array construction contains the same basic parts.
The main difference is in the Piezoelectric Material.
Instead of a single crystal the array is sliced transversely to
create a large number of small elements.
Arrays of linear or phased construction are similar but
differ when it comes to system construction.
The filler material does more than protect the array, it is a
specifically designed acoustic lens.
Ultrasound Modes
A Mode presents reflected ultrasound energy on a single line display.
The strength of the reflected energy at nay particular depth is
visualized as the amplitude of the waveform.
B Mode converts A Mode information into a two dimensional
grayscale display.
C Mode is a color representation of blood flow velocity and direction.
D Mode is a spectral representation of blood flow velocity and
direction.
P Mode is used to visualize very low blood flows in color. Unlike C
Mode, this mode does not show the operator flow direction.
Triplex is the simultaneous operation of B Mode, C Mode and D
Mode.
M Mode is a scrolling display allowing the operator to view and record
organ motion.
Axial Resolution
Another concern is Resolution.
Axial resolution is corresponds directly to the wave length
characteristics of the Ultrasound wave. As frequency
increases wave length shortens allowing for greater
resolution. What we loose is penetration. Again as
frequency increases penetration decreases. Higher
frequencies also provide finer tissue grain or smoothness.
A less grainy look.
Lateral resolution
In simple ultrasound systems Lateral
resolution is attributed to physical focus
characteristics of the crystal element. The
concaved shape of the element provides
focus to the beam and the width of the beam
at any particular point effects the ability of
the ultrasound system to resolve small
objects that are side by side.
Transverse resolution
Transverse resolution is unique to the phase
array probe. It is the ability of the probe to
resolve objects side by side, as in lateral
resolution, but in this case it is measured
transverse to what would be considered the
normal imaging plane. Again this is
assuming simplest probe construction.
Contrast Resolution
The ability of the system to resolve adjacent
bright reflectors is called contrast
resolution. This is in small part due to the
cumulative effects of axial and lateral
resolution. The systems scan converter
plays a large role is this characteristic.
Diagnostic Ultrasonography
Displaying Monitor
Transducer / Probe
Keyboard
Probe Connector
Printer (B/W & Color)
Device that can change one form of energy into another.
(B) (C)
+ + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+
- + - - -
+ - + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Transducer Design
Echoes from Two Interfaces
Echoes from Internal Organ
A- mode M- mode
B- mode Doppler
Pulsed
Continuos
CRT
V
Time variable gain
Amp
H.
Pulser Saw tooth voltage
T/R Trigger sweep
switch
Body
Organ
Transducer
A pulser circuit triggers the transducer, and the saw tooth generator.
The T/R switch isolates the receiver amplifier during transmission.
For each scanning line, the amplitudes of the received echo signals
are modulated to brightness. Steering unit is controlling the
synchronization process.
Slow voltage ramp
CRT
B
Body
B
A Fixed
organ
Transducer
Moving
Organ
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
PULSED
CONTINUES
Linear Probe Image
Sector (Phased array) Probe
Convex Probe Image
Real Time 3D
Fetal Spine
Reconstructional 3-D
Obstetrics
Ultrasound Machines
Ultrasound Machines
Function
Diagnostic ultrasound machines are used to give images of structures within the body. This
chapter does not deal with other kinds of machine (e.g. therapeutic and lithotripsy). The
diagnostic machine probes, which produce the ultrasound, come in a variety of sizes and
styles, each type being produced for a particular special use. Some require a large trolley for
all the parts of the unit, while the smallest come in a small box with only a audio loudspeaker
as output. They may be found in cardiology, maternity, outpatients and radiology departments
and will often have a printer attached for recording images. Unlike X-rays, ultrasound poses
no danger to the human body.
How it works
The ultrasound probe contains a crystal that sends out bursts of high frequency vibrations that
pass through gel and on through the body. Soft tissue and bone reflect echoes back to the
probe, while pockets of liquid pass the ultrasound straight through. The echoes are picked up
and arranged into an image displayed on a screen. The machine offers a number of processing
options for the signal and image and also allows the user to measure physical features
displayed on the screen. This requires the machine to incorporate a computer.
WHAT TYPES OF EXAMINATION ARE TO BE
CARRIED OUT ?
1. TRANSDUCER
* Curvilinear or combination of linear and sector.
2. FREQUENCY
* Standard transducer should have central frequency
of 3.5 MHz.
3. ANGLE for Sector probe should be 40 or more, linear
array should be 5 - 8 cm long.
4. FRAM RATE 15 - 30 Hz for linear array,
5 - 10 Hz for sector array.
5. FRAM FREEZE DENSITY at least 512*512*4 bits to
provide 16 gray levels
6. ELECTRONIC CALIPERS one pair at least, with
Quantitative readout.