BASIC HYDRAULICS

VISHWAJEET PANDEY
B.Tech.(M.E.)
1303040117
 Fluid Power System

Fluid Power Systems are power transmitting

assemblies employing pressurised liquid or gas
to transmit energy.

Fluid power can be divided into two basic

disciplines

> Hydraulics Employing pressurised liquid

> Pneumatics - Employing Compressed gas

 Definition of Hydraulics
In simple language:
Confined liquids under pressure made to do work.
OR
Science of transmitting force / motion through
medium of confined liquid
Do you remember Pascals
Law?
It states that Pressure exerted anywhere in a
confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions
throughout the fluid.
The basic idea behind all hydraulic system is based upon
that principle & can be simply stated as:
Force applied at one point is transmitted to another
point using an incompressible fluid.
Force that is applied at one point
is transmitted to another point
using an incompressible fluid
In this drawing, two pistons (green) fit into two
glass cylinders filled with oil (blue) and
connected to one another with an oil-filled pipe. If
you apply a downward force to one piston (the
left one in this drawing), then the force is
transmitted to the second piston through the oil
in the pipe
Functions of Hydraulic Oil
It transmits power.

It lubricates moving parts

It seals clearances
between moving parts

It dissipates heat
Hydraulic System
Reservoir

Filter

Hydraulic Pump

Directional Control Valve

Pressure Control Valve

Actuator (Cylinder/Motor)
 Reservoir- Properties
First a tank is needed to store the hydraulic oil

Tank / Reservoir
Storing oil

Compensates difference in
volume when actuators are used

It dissipates heat

It allows foreign particles to

settle down

Baffle separates inlet line with

the return line and allows the air
bubbles to escape
More Properties of
Reservoirs
It allows condensed water to settle at the
bottom of the tank

Breather on the top of the tank allows to

maintain atmospheric pressure and avoid
creation of vacuum

Sight glass will indicate the level of the oil.

Mercury bulb indicates the oil temperature

Oil filling inlet will have a filter for avoiding

contamination.
 PUMPS
Hydraulic Pump is the most important
component in the hydraulic system.

Function of the Hydraulic Pump is to convert

Mechanical Energy to Hydraulic Energy

Hydraulic Pump are classified in two categories:

- Hydro-dynamic

- Hydro-static
Pump
Now we need a pump to create flow

Tank

Pump

Two types of hydraulic pumps are

most commonly used:

- Rotary Pumps

- Reciprocating Pumps
ROTARY & RECIPROCATING
TYPES
Common Pumps in Rotary type are:
- Gear Pumps
- Vane Pumps

Common Pumps in Reciprocating type

are:
Axial Piston Pump
Radial Piston Pump
 ACTUATORS

An actuator is a mechanical device for

moving or controlling a mechanism or
system. An actuator typically is a
mechanical device that takes energy &
converts it to a desirable form for
usage or application.
Actuator

Tank

Pump
 ACTUATORS Contd

There are mainly two types of

Actuators:

- Linear actuators (single acting

cylinders, double acting cylinders)

- Rotary actuators (vane motors,

gear motors, piston motors etc.)
 Types of Valves
There are three main types of
Valves:

- Pressure Control Valves (relief

valves, pressure regulating valve,
pressure reducing valve etc.)

- Directional Control Valves (check

valve, axial spool valve, ball valve
etc.)

- Flow Control Valves (needle valve,

throttle check valve etc.)
 Hydraulic System some applications of
the basic components Actuator

Hoses to
connect the Piston reverse
components movement is not
possible

We need a direction
control valve to change
the direction of flow as
per requirement
Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

There are mainly

two design principles
for valves
Direction
Control Valve
- Spool valves

- Poppet
valves

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve
The control valve is at
neutral position

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve Now the control valve
is shifted to left

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve
To change the piston
movement in opposite
direction the control
valve is now shifted to
right
Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Is it a complete circuit ?
OR
Direction
Control Valve

We need some thing more

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator
Piston at end
-No room to
move
Pressure

yes
increases

Direction
Control Valve

We need some thing more

We need to
control the
Pump

Tank system pressure

Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve
Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve Stops pressure increasing
beyond the preset value
Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator
Now we have a system
which can work

But is this system protected

from dirt ?

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

We need to protect the system

from dirt by installing a FILTER
in the system
Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve We have a system now which
can work safely
Pump

Filter
Tank
 FILTERS
There are basically three
types of Filters

- Suction line filters

- Pressure line filters

- Return line filters

Hydraulic System
Now we know :
Actuator

A Reservoir contains oil

Filter cleans the system
Pump creates flow
Direction
Control Valve Resistance creates pressure
Actuators perform the work
Pressure Hoses transmit the oil
relief valve
D.C. Valves change direction of
Pump oil flow
Filter Relief valves control the
Tank maximum system pressure.
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Few more facts:

Pressure increases the system
Direction capacity
Control Valve
Flow increases the system
speed
Pressure
relief valve

Pump

Filter
Tank
Transmission of Hydraulic
Power
The engine is connected to a pair of pumps that
can generate 140 gallons per minute at 4,500
psi. You can see from the picture that the arm
has a pair of pistons working in unison at the
"shoulder" -- one at the "elbow" and then one to
rotate the bucket.
DUMP TRUCKS or TIPPERS
DUMPERS WITH TELESCOPIC
CYLINDERS & HYDRAULIC STEERING
Hydraulic Symbols
Definitions of LINES
continuous line - flow
line

dashed line - pilot, drain

envelope - long and short dashes around two or more

component symbols