Concrete Compression

Analysis

By :
1. Rika Anggriana S (361521401010)
2. Mad Rai Yusuf
(361521401011)
3. Fiqi Fajar (361521401012)
4.Mamik Kumala
(361521401013)
 What is Concrete Exactly?
Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of
aggregate and cement binder.

The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which

consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), Portland cement
and water.

The two major components of concrete are a cement paste and inert materials.

The cement paste consists of portland cement, water, and some air either in
the form of naturally entrapped air voids or minute, intentionally entrained air
bubbles.

The inert materials are usually composed of fine aggregate, which is a material
such as sand, and coarse aggregate, which is a material such as gravel,
crushed stone, or slag.
 History
The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as
cement.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement.
The Roman Empire, cements made from
pozzolanic ash/pozzolana and an aggregate
made from pumice were used to make a
concrete very similar to modern portland cement
concrete.
In 1756, British engineer John Smeaton
pioneered the use of portland cement in
concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as
aggregate.
In modern day mixtures use of recycled/reused
materials for concrete ingredients.
 Mechanics
Concrete does not solidify because water evaporates, but rather
cement hydrates, gluing the other components together and eventually
creating a stone-like material.

During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to develop certain

physical and chemical properties, among others, mechanical strength,
low permeability to ingress of moisture, and chemical and volume
stability.

The ultimate strength of concrete is related to water/cement ratio and

the size, shape, and strength of the aggregate used. Concrete with
lower water/cement ratio (down to 0.35) makes a stronger concrete
than a higher ratio. Concrete made with smooth pebbles is weaker
than that made with rough-surfaced broken rock pieces for example.
 Properties
Composite
When set, has high compressive strength, low tensile strength
Brittle
Withstands high temperatures
Behaves as a ceramic
 Properties
QUIKRETE Fiber-Reinforced QUIKRETE Fast-
Concrete Mix #l006-60 Setting Concrete #1004-
50
Mix meets or exceeds the strength
requirements of ASTM C387. It will achieve a
compressive strength of 2500 psi (17.3 MPa)
at 7 days and 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) at 28 days
when tested in accordance with applicable
standards.

QUIKRETE 5000 High

Early Strength Concrete QUIKRETE
Mix #1007 Concrete Mix #1101
(Ready-To-Use)
 Chemistry of Cement
Constituents and Nomenclature Chemical Reactions
H = H 2O
2C3S + 6H 3Ch + C3S2H3
C3S = 3CaO.SiO2
C2S = 2CaO.SiO2 2C2S + 4H Ch + C3S2H3
C3A = 3CaO.Al2O3
Cs = CaSO4
C3A + 10H + CsH2 C3ACSH12
Ch = Ca(OH)2 C3A + 12H + Ch C3AChH12
C4AF = 4CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3
. .

C4AF + 10H + 2Ch C6AFH12

Chemical Composition
 Application of Concrete
Pavements
Building structures
Foundations
Motorways/roads
Overpasses
Dams
Parking structures
Bases for gates/fences/poles
Cementing bricks or blocks in walls
Any structure requiring high compressive strength and durability
Can be used for structures demanding high temperature performance
Although brittle, when cast around rebar, can be used in structures requiring
ductility or moderate tensile demands
Project Materials
 What We Did!
Cut PVC pipe into 9 in. segments
Squared off bottom end of each segment
Determined directed ratio of water to
concrete (by volume)
For each product of concrete, we mixed
samples containing varying quantities of
water (at directed ratio, 15% higher, and
15% lower)
Poured samples into PVC casts
Allowed samples to set for five days
Removed PVC casts
Applied compression tests
Obtained and analyzed data
Compression Test

This is the apparatus that we used to test our concrete samples

for our compression analysis
Our ideal water concentration samples should have theoretically had the greatest compression,
but since they did not, we should have added more water (such as 15% more) or until visually
satisfying. Therefore giving the ideal concentration the highest compression and the 15% more
and 15% less, a lower compression result. Some of our samples had so little water that they just
crumbled under compression and gave no data reading.
 Project Pictures

Strongest Weakest
 References
Shackelford, James F. Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 6th Ed. Upper Saddle

River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. (Pages 500 543)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement

http://www.quikrete.com

http://www.cement.org

http://www.concretenetwork.com

http://www.concrete.org.uk

http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558777/Concrete_(construction).html