HISTORY

OF
COMPUTER
SUBMITTED BY:
CHETANA
ROLL NO:621
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
For most of the people, computer is a machine
used for a calculation or a computation, but
actually it is much more than that.
Computer is an electronic device for
performing arithmetic and logical
operation. Or
Computer is a device or a flexible
machine to process data and converts it
into information.
HOW THE COMPUTER WORKS
To know about the complete process that how computer works, we
will have to come across the various terms such as Data, Processing
and Information. First of all we will have to understand these terms:
DATA: - Data is nothing but a collection of basic facts and figure
without any sequence. When the data is collected as facts and
figure, it has no meaning at that time, for example, name of
student, names of employees etc.
PROCESSING: - Processing is the set of instruction given by the
user or the related data to output the meaningful information.
Which can be used by the user? The work of processing may be the
calculation, comparisons or the decision taken by the computer.
INFORMATION: - Information is the end point or the final output
of any processed work. When the output data is meaning it is called
information.
FATHER OF COMPUTER
Charles Babbage's is known as the
father of computers who made the
design of difference engine.
After that George Schertz got inspired by
Babbage's design of the difference engine
and constructed a machine that was the
first to be used in computational science.
Thus, lead to the birth of computers.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
Actually speaking electronic data processing does not go
back more than just half a centaury i.e. they are in
existence merely from early 1940s.
In early days when our ancestor used to reside in cave the
counting was a problem. Still it is stated becoming difficult.
When they started using stone to count their animals or the
possession they never knew that this day will lead to a
computer of today.
People today started following a set of procedure to
perform calculation with these stones, which later led to
creation of a digital counting device, which was the
predecessor the first calculating device invented, was know
as ABACUS.
GENERATION
S OF
COMPUTER
INTRODUCTION TO GENERATIONS
Computer is one of the latest and greatestinventionby
man which changed the whole world to a global village
by various means.
In todays world the computer device is very popular
but only few people know about the history of
computers.
The computers were widely used after 1964. Due to
research work on computers various types of
computers, they vary in respect with size, work
andusability.
There are totally fivegenerations of computers known
till today
FIRST
GENERATION(1940-
1956)
INTRODUCTION
The Firstgenerationcomputers used
thevacuumtubesfor circuitry andmagnetic
drumsformemory and these were very big in size.
They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause
of malfunctions.
The UNIVAC andENIACcomputers are examples of
first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC
was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client
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CONTD...
They were fastest calculatingdivices
oftheirtime.
They were too bulky in
size,requiringlarge rooms for
installation.
Due to low mean time between failures,
these computers required constant
maintenance.
ADVANTAGES
Vacuum tubes were the only electronic
component available during those
days.
Vacuum tube technology made possible
to make electronic digital computers
These computers could calculate data
in millisecond.
DISADVANTAGES
The computers were very large in size.
They consumed a large amount of energy.
They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.
They were not very reliable.
Air conditioning was required.
Constant maintenance was required.
Non-portable.
Costly commercial production.
Limited commercial use.
Very slow speed.
Limited programming capabilities.
Used machine language only.
Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage.
Used punch cards for input.
Not versatile and very faulty.
SECOND
GENERATION(1956-1963)
INTRODUCTION
As the development moved further, the second
generation computers knocked the door.
In this generation, transistors were used as the
electronic component instead of vacuum tubes.
A transistors is much smaller in the size than
that of a vacuum tube. As the size of electrons
components decreased from vacuum tube of
transistor, the size of computer also decreased
and it became much smaller than that of earlier
computer.
 TO BE
CONTD...
They were more than ten times faster
than first generation computers.
They were smaller than first generation
computers and required small space.
They consumed less power than first
generation computers.
ADVANTAGES
Smaller in size as compared to the first generation
computers.
The 2nd generation Computers were more reliable
Used less energy and were not heated.
Wider commercial use
Better portability as compared to the first generation
computers.
Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds
Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic
disks, printer etc.
Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.
Accuracy improved.
DISADVANTAGES
Cooling system was required
Constant maintenance was required
Commercial production was difficult
Only used for specific purposes
Costly and not versatile
Punch cards were used for input.
THIRD GENERATION
(1963-1972)
INTRODUCTION
They were more powerful than second
generation computers. They were
capable of performing about 1 million
instructions per second.
They were smaller than second
generation computers requiring smaller
space.
They weregeneralpurpose machines
suitable for both scientific
andcommercialapplications.
ADVANTAGES
Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
More reliable.
Used less energy
Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of
computers.
Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.
Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.
Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is reare.
Totally general purpose
Could be used for high-level languages.
Good storage
Versatile to an extent
Less expensive
Better accuracy
Commercial production increased.
Used mouse and keyboard for input.
DISADVANTAGES
Air conditioning was required.
Highly sophisticated technology
required for the manufacturing of IC
chips.
FOURTH GENERATION(1972-1984)
INTRODUCTION
In this generation, there were developments of
large-scale integration or LSI (1000 devices per
chip) and very large-scale integration or VLSI
(10000 devices per chip).
These developments enabled the entire processor to
fit into a single chip and in fact, for simple systems,
the entire computer with processor; main memory
and I/O controllers could fit on a single chip.
Core memories now were replaced by
semiconductor memories and high-speed vectors
dominated the scenario.
ADVANTAGES
More powerful and reliable than previous generations.
Small in size
Fast processing power with less power consumption
Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
No air conditioning required.
Totally general purpose
Commercial production
Less need of repair.
Cheapest among all generations
All types of High level languages can be used in this
type of computers
DISADVANTAGES
The latest technology is required for
manufacturing of Microprocessors.
FIFTH GENERATION(1984-1990)
INTRODUCTION
In this period, computer technology achieved more
superiority and parallel processing, which was until
limited to vector processing and pipelining, where
hundreds of processors could all work on various parts
of a single program.
There were introduction of systems like the Sequent
Balance 8000, which connected up to twenty
processors to one shared memory module.
In this generation semiconductor memories became
the standard were pursued vigorously.
Both wide area network (WAN) and local area network
(LAN) developed at an incredible pace.
ADVANTAGES
A non-invasive probe that provides painless probing
to the patient.
There is no question of probe passing beyond the
junk- tonal epithelium, as ultrasound waves detect,
image, and map the upper boundary of periodontal
ligament.
Computer storage of data and printout or visuals
can be used for patient education.
Guidance path is predetermined.
Provides information regarding condition of the
gingival tissues.
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive.
Operator needs to understand the
images provided by the computer.
Requires a learning curve.
SIXTH GENERATION
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
INTRODUCTION
Fifth generation computing devices, based
on artificial intelligence, are still in
development,though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that
are being used today.
Artificial Intelligence is the branch of
computer science concerned with making
computers behave like humans. The term
was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
FEATURES
Games Playing: programming computers to play games
such as chess and checkers
Expert Systems: programming computers to make
decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert
systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on
symptoms)
Natural Language: programming computers to understand
natural human languages
Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by
attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections
that occur in animal brains
Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and
react to other sensory stimuli
 THANK

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