Subtopics

:

I – The Hydrologic Cycle
II – Kinds of Water Use
III – Kinds and Sources of Water
Pollution
IV – Water Planning Issues

→ About 71% of Earth’s surface is →Watermelon is about 92%
water water

→Plants and trees need
water to produce oxygen

→Elephants drink up to
50 gallons of water a
day
→About 60-65% of our body is
water → beyond 3-5 days w/out water,
organs shut down and eventually
Ironically, water is all around us but we have the brain

-A polar Molecule where one end is slightly positive and the other end slightly negative .Hydrogen bonds that result from water’s polarity is responsible for many of its properties such as its High heat capacity which is very useful in our daily life Water is comprised of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. . Water is the most common chemical compound found on planet Earth and the most vital compound for the formation and survival of life. giving it the chemical formula H2O.

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Precipitation .is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. and is a major component of the water cycle.a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid. snow. from rain.  Condensation .is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase. and hail. snowmelt. rain. The reverse of deposition is sublimation. Sublimation . Deposition .is water. where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves. Surface Runoff . The main forms of precipitation include drizzle. . Transpiration . or other sources. that flows over the land surface. Definition of Terms Evaporation – a process by which a liquid changes into its vapors.is the change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid. sleet.

  Percolation ..is the process by which precipitation or water soaks into subsurface soils and moves into rocks through cracks and pore spaces. . Definition of Terms Infiltration .is the process by which precipitation or water moves downward through openings in the soil to replenish aquifers under the ground.

Figure 1. Where water supply is . In stream uses (depicted on the right) are those in which water remains in place. either by pumping or diversion. and typically refers to stream (rather than groundwater). Off stream uses (depicted on the left) are those in which water is removed from its source.

other commercial facilities. Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and suitability for use. harvesting. and for the leaching of salts from the crop root zone. including water for normal household purposes. . office buildings. cleaning. crop cooling. orchard. chemical application. and cooling in manufacturing facilities. Major water-using industries include steel. Irrigation water use is water artificially applied to farm. bathing. Nonagricultural activities include self-supplied water to irrigate public and private golf courses. and watering lawns and gardens. paper. such as drinking. hotels. water has not always been available when and where it is needed. Industrial water use is a valuable resource to the nation's industries for such purposes as processing. and civilian and military institutions. Categories of Water use Commercial water use includes fresh water for motels. pasture.Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water on Earth. nor is it always of suitable quality for all uses. Domestic use includes water that is used in the home every day. and horticultural crops. for frost and freeze protection. Industries often reuse the same water over and over for more than one purpose. food preparation. dilution. parks. and petroleum refining. as well as water used to irrigate pastures. restaurants. chemical. flushing toilets. Domestic water use is probably the most important daily use of water for most people. washing clothes and dishes. transportation.

If the pollution comes from a single source.Water pollution can come from a number of different sources. such as nuclear waste. If the pollution comes from many sources. this is called trans boundary pollution. . it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most types of pollution affect the immediate area surrounding the source. it is called point-source pollution. Sometimes the pollution may affect the environment hundreds of miles away from the source. such as an oil spill.

Rivers .Lakes These waters can become polluted in a number of ways.Oceans . and this is called surface water pollution.Surface waters are the natural water resources of the Earth. They are found on the exterior of the Earth’s crust and include: . .

as they produce harmful toxins such as ammonia and sulfides. the number of microorganisms increase and use up the available oxygen. This is called oxygen depletion.Microorganisms that live in water feed on biodegradable substances. . Some anaerobic microorganisms are harmful to people. relatively harmless aerobic microorganisms die and anaerobic microorganisms begin to thrive. When oxygen levels in the water are depleted. animals and the environment. When too much biodegradable material is added to water.

This can be damaging to other aquatic organisms as the algae use up the oxygen in the water. and these can cause excess weed and algae growth if large concentrations end up in water. This can contaminate drinking water and clog filters. leaving none for the surrounding marine life. Many nutrients are found in wastewater and fertilizers.Nutrients and their effect on water Nutrients are essential for plant growth and development. .

When this water becomes polluted it is called groundwater pollution.Groundwater Pollution A lot of the Earth’s water is found underground in soil or under rock structures called aquifers. Groundwater pollution is often caused by pesticide contamination from the soil. this can infect our drinking water and cause huge problems. Humans often use aquifers as a means to obtain drinking water. and build wells to access it. .

. as they do not have the facilities to treat polluted water. Microorganisms such as: Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Serious diseases such as cholera come from microorganisms that live in water.Microbiological water pollution is usually a natural form of water pollution caused by microorganisms. Many types of microorganisms live in water and cause fish. land animals and humans to become ill. These diseases usually affect the health of people in poorer countries.

Industrial and agricultural work involves the use of many different chemicals that can run-off into water and pollute it. make them infertile or even result in death. The oil can cause the death of many fish and stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose the ability to fly. Run-offs of these pesticides can cause water pollution and poison aquatic life. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow their development. birds. humans and other animals may be poisoned if they eat infected fish. . Metals and solvents from industrial work can pollute rivers and lakes. Subsequently. insects and fungi. Pesticides are used in farming to control weeds. Oil spills usually have only a localized affect on wildlife but can spread for miles. Petroleum is another form of chemical pollutant that usually contaminates water through oil spills when a ship ruptures.

identifiable source of pollution. such as a pipe or a drain.is a single. Industrial wastes are commonly discharged to rivers and the sea in this way. .) POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION . The chemicals are released directly into the stream water without being treated or decontaminated to make them safe.1. This tank is being treated with a special chemical. Example: A company has a new tank. After the tank is treated. the treatment chemicals are drained into a stream that runs hear the building where the company is.

Pesticides. May contain Nutrients.2. . Metals. Suspended Solids. Hydrocarbons and Microorganisms.results when contaminants are introduced into the environment over a large. widespread area(non-stationary source) Examples: Stormwater runoff is the greatest contributor to non-point water pollution.) NON-POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION .

removal of vegetation and destruction of wetlands cause flooding. Poor quality water . rapid snowmelt.Too much water – Heavy rainfall. Too little water – Overdrawing of groundwater one sample cause is due to increasing population causing damage to the ecosystem.

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Stakeholder participation Implementing stakeholder participation as a basis for decision making that takes into account the best interests of society and the environment in the development and use of water resources in the basin. Pollution control Managing pollution using polluter pays principles and appropriate incentives to reduce most important pollution problems and minimize environmental and social impact. Monitoring Implementing effective monitoring systems that provide essential management information and identifying and responding to infringements of laws. maintaining minimum levels for social and environmental use while addressing equity and development needs of society. .Functions of water resources planning & management are very complex tasks and may involve many different activities conducted by many different players. regulations and permits. Economic and financial management Applying economic and financial tools for investment. cost recovery and behavior change to support the goals of equitable access and sustainable benefits to society form water use. River basin planning Preparing and regularly updating the Basin Plan incorporating stakeholder views on development and management priorities for the basin. The following components constitute water resources planning & management: Water Allocation Allocating water to major water users and uses. Information management Providing essential data necessary to make informed and transparent decisions and development and sustainable management of water resources in the basin.