CHAPTER FOUR

JUDGEMENT AN PROPOSITION
WHAT IS JUDGMENT?
JUDGMENT Is the second division in
logic. It comes from the infinitive verb
of the latin word JUDICARE which
means a mental act which affirms or
denies something. Therefore, a
proposition is a sentence that affirms
or denies something. It is an
assertive or denial; positive or
negative; true or false.
What are the element of a logical
statement
These are the SUBJECT, COPULA and
PREDICATE.
SUBJECT- is a term which is to be affirmed or
denied.
PREDICATE- is that which is to be affirmed or
denied of the subject.
COPULA- is the one who is joining the subject
and the predicate.
Two kind of proposition
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
A categorical proposition is a proposition by
which assertive or denial between two
concepts is expressed in an absolute manner.
Ex.
All mangyans are minorities from Mindoro.
Due to the fact that, no mangyans are
mangyans are from baguio.
There are two kinds of Categorical proposition
namely:
The standard form ( logical form) and the non-
standard form categorical proposition.
There are five pointers given by Corazon Cruz when
reducing to logical form:
1. Keep the original subject.
2. Do not use the progressive tense for your
predicate.
3. Avoid the use of one for your predicate. think of
a more appropriate word.
4. Avoid redundancies.
5. Be simple and direct to your answers.
Hypothetical Proposition
- Is a proposition which affirms or denies the
relationship of two proposition by means of
indirect element. It contains two main clauses
for instance, if it will rain then the grass will
be wet. The use of connective if ..then.
Maybe applicable in these proposition.
Subject as quantifier of the
proposition
The subject is the quantifier of the proposition
whether the subject is in the singular or
universal or particular, definitely it can apply
to every portion signified by the term.
Therefore, the subject determines the
quantity not the quality of the proposition.
Example:
Rev. Fr. German Sy is the rector of California
seminary. ------------- singular

Some medical technicians are sweet.

---------particular

Every professor is intelligent.

------------universal
Copula as a qualifier of the
proposition
Copula unites the subject and the predicate. A
proposition having is or are; was or were the
third person singular or plural, present tense
or past tense of the verb to be is affirmative
proposition. While proposition having is not,
was not, are not, were not as copula are
negative proposition. Therefore, because of
the copula the proposition is either assertive
or denial; positive or negative; truth or false
hood.
Symbols of categorical proposition
The idea of using symbols is just to affirm or
denies something.
Latin word affirmo and nego

a I stands for affirmative statement.

e o negative statement.
 A UNIVERSAL/SINGULAR
E

AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE

I PARTICULAR O
AFFIRMATIVE
Proposition A:
Example: All jeeps are vehicle.

Proposition I:
Example: Some leaves are green.
NEGATIVE
Proposition E:
Example: None of you is from Mars.

Proposition O:
Example: Not everyone who cries is lonely.
 Hypothetical Proposition
A proposition by which assertive or denial
between two concepts is expressed in an indirect
manner.
Three types
1. Conditional Proposition it contains
antecedent.
.Antecedent means something that goes before.
While consequent means something that goes
after. In this proposition we will use the
connectives if . then .
Example:
Angela has brain tumor, then she is seriously
sick.

Antecedent: Angela has brain tumor

Consequent: then she is seriously sick
2. Disjunctive Proposition it will presents
alternatives but only one of these alternatives
will prove to be true and the other will always
be false.
We will use either or

Example:
Either you love me or you hate me, if the first
statement is true then the second statement
is automatically false.
3. Conjunctive Proposition it denies
simultaneous possibility of two alternatives.

Example:
I cannot be in Mabalacat and Angeles at the
same time. If I am in Mabalacat, definitely I
am not in Angeles.