CHAPTER 4

THE VARIETY OF
RESOURCES ON
EARTH
 Learning outcomes: Knowing the
different resources on earth.

A student is able to:

List the resources on earth needed

to sustain life
List the resources on earth used in
everyday life
Vocabulary

Life
Sustain
resources
THE VARIOUS RESOURCES ON
EARTH
AIR
WATER SOIL

RESOURCES

MINERALS LIVING THINGS

FOSSIL FUELS
 AIR
A mixture of gases.
The main gases in air
are:
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
 AIR
Oxygen:
Used for respiration by living things
Used in the combustion (pembakaran)of
materials
Used in industries
Released during photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide:
Used by green plants to carry out
photosynthesis
Used in fire extinguishers (pemadam api)
Used in industries
Released during respiration and combustion
 WATER
For animals/humans:
Provides a medium for chemical processes and
body metabolism
The main component of blood
Transports nutrients to all cells in the body
Help to control body temperature
For plants:
Helps to maintain the turgidity of plant cells
Used in photosynthesis
Needed for germination (pencambahan) of
seeds
Helps to support aquatic plants
Cools down the plant
 SOIL
The topmost layer of the surface of the Earth
and contain humus, mineral salts, water, air
and microorganisms.
The habitat for many organisms.
For humans:
A base for agricultural activities
A source for minerals and fossil fuels
A source of clay for making pottery
For plants:
As a source of water and mineral salts
 MINERALS
Found in the soil
Many metals are obtained
from minerals (iron, copper,
aluminium)
 LIVING THING
Animals/plants
As a source of food (vegetables,
fruits, milk, meat)
As a source of fuel (petroleum,
animal fat, wood)
As a source of building materials
(timber, bamboo)
As a source of clothing (cotton, silk,
animal skin)
 FOSSIL FUELS
Formed from living things that
had died million of years ago
(petroleum, coal and natural
gas).
Used as a source of energy.
Learning outcomes: Understanding
elements, compounds, mixture.

A student is able to:

State what elements, compounds

and mixtures
Give examples of elements,
compounds and mixtures
 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS
AND MIXTURES
ELEMENTS
The simplest form of matter
Cannot be broken down into two or more
simpler substances by chemical or
physical means.
Made up of one type of similar atoms.
A group of similar atoms is known as
molecule.
Can be classified as metals and non-
metals
Examples:

Copper is made of
copper atoms.

Oxygen is made
up of molecules.
 ELEMENTS
METAL NON-METAL

ALUMINIUM CARBON

TIN SULPHUR

SILVER IODINE

POTASSIUM BROMINE

COPPER OXYGEN

IRON CHLORINE

MERCURY HYDROGEN
 ELEMENTS
Properties of metal and non-metal

METAL NON-METAL
Have shiny surfaces Have dull surfaces
Malleable ( can be Brittle
shaped)
Ductile (can be Not ductile
stretched)
Have high melting point Have low melting point
Good conductors of heat Poor conductors of heat
and electricity and electricity
Hard Soft
 COMPOUNDS
Substances consisting of two or more
elements combined chemically.
Can only be separated by chemical
means such as electrolysis or heating.
Example:
Sulphur dioxide is a compound that
consists of two oxygen atoms
combined chemically with a sulphur
atom.
A compound of
sulphur dioxide
 COMPOUNDS
Examples:

COMPOUND COMPONENT ELEMENTS

Water Oxygen, hydrogen

Carbon dioxide Carbon, oxygen

Nitric acid Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Common salt Sodium, chlorine

Sugar Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Baking soda Sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

 COMPOUNDS
Can be separated
through chemical
methods such as:
Electrolysis
Heating
 MIXTURES
Substances consisting of two or
more elements (or compounds)
combined together physically.
May be formed from two
elements, elements and
compounds or two compounds.
 Mixture of 2 elements

Mixture of 2 compounds

Mixture of compound
and element
 MIXTURES
Can be separated
through physical methods
such as:
Filtration
Sieving
Evaporation
Distillation
Using a magnet
 MIXTURES
Examples:
Mixture Components

Air Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, water vapour,

inert gases, dust, bacteria and other
substances.
Salt solution Water, salt

Milo drink Water, milo powder, sugar, milk

Petroleum Petrol, kerosene, diesel, bitumen

Soil Stones, sand, silt, humus, minerals, water

 MIXTURES
Mixture of metals is known as
alloy such as bronze, brass, steel
and pewter.

Bronze
Duralumin

Pewter
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MIXTURES
AND COMPOUND
MIXTURE
No new substances are
produced.
No heating is involved in its
preparation
No chemical reaction takes
place
No definite ratio for mixing
the components of a mixture
The characteristics of the
components are maintained
COMPOUND
New substance is produced.
Heating is involved
Chemical reaction is involved
The elements in a compound are
combined together according to
a fixed ratio
The compound formed has
characteristics different from its
components
TO APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE
OF EARTHS RESOURCES

Preservation: the act of

keeping the resources in
their natural state.
Conservation: the
sustainable use and
management of natural
resources so as to prevent
loss, damage and waste.
TO APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE
OF EARTHS RESOURCES

Preservation and
conservation needed to
prevent:
The destruction of resources
which provide basic needs
The extinction of flora and fauna
The onset of health problems
 TO APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE
OF EARTHS RESOURCES
Some ways to carry out preservation
and conservation of resources
Reuse and recycle
Strict enforcement of laws to protect the
environment
Control water and air pollution
Practise reforestation
Educate society through the media
Conserve clean water and prevent
unnecessary wastage.
THE END