BIOELECTRICITY

1
 ""

2
 "
)(

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4
 Energy()Energy(+)
passivediffusion against
passivediffusion
transporterschannelspumps

activetransportcomes
intoplaywhenwehave
porinsgapjunctionsionchannels totransportmolecules
againsttheirconcentration
gradients
voltagegatedchannels

ligandgatedchannels

5
6
 - -

, - , -
mM mM
Na+ 145 15
K+ 4 150
Ca2 + 1 1.5
MG2 + 1.5 12
Cl- 110 10
HCO 3- 24 10
P 2 40
' 2 8
5.6 1
ATP 0 4
0.2 4
7
 -

)(

8
 )(



mV- Vm
mV 0:
mV 90-
"

9

:

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The compartment model-



) (

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 K+
12 A
 K+
13 A
 K+
14 A
 A
15
 A
16
 A
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 A
18
 A
19
 A
20
22

)(

: "
/

) ; ( -

23
 TheNa/Kprimaryactivetransportsystem

Thepumpiselectrogenic,ittransports3Na+outofthecellforevery
2K+transportedintothecell.
Thisresultsinaneteffluxofpositivechargefromthecell(anet
positivecurrent)andhyperpolarizationofthemembrane.
24


- Na/K ATPase ++K
K

+K -

+ , , K

+K "

25


"

+K,
- 86mV
+Na,
58mV +

26



)( = 0
"

Nernstequilibriumpotential

27


28


R ) ( J/moleK 8.314
T ( , 293)C20
Z ) +1 (
F ) 485, 96 \ (
29
C

30
 - -

, - , -
mM mM
Na+ 145 15
K+ 4 150
Ca2 + 1 1.5
MG2 + 1.5 12
Cl- 110 10
HCO 3- 24 10
P 2 40
' 2 8
5.6 1
ATP 0 4
0.2 4
31
32

" )(

Low[K]o

Normal

High[K]o

33


34
 .

?????
145 mM

9 mM

=ECl=58/1xlog145/9
58x1.2=70mV
35


- "

, ,

"

37
 "

38

[K+] = 2.5
[Na+] = 12
[Cl-] = 130
+ + + + A-
+
- - - +
-
- +
- +

-
[K+] = 135
[Na+] = 7
-80 mV
[Cl-] = 11
A-
39


mV 100 - 5- ,
mV 75 - 40-

"
+K +Na

Na/K ATPase "

40
 -

Depolarization

) + (
Repolarization -


) + (
Hyperpolarization

) + (

41
 )
(

42
 CHANGING THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

By opening more potassium channels the resting potential can be

altered. If more potassium leaves the cell, potential may drop to -90 mV.
43 This process is called hyperpolarisation.


44
 ? -Cl

,

Cl
-
Cl
-
Cl
-
, Cl
-

45
 The action potential

46
 "
-

) + (
) (

)?(

regenerative

47

" /
"

)-
(


)
)( (
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49
50
52
53
54
55
56
57
 " -

" .1

EM ENa .2

EM EK .3

.4

58
59
 ) (
Voltage-gated
) )-
60mV
)?(
)(

60
 NaVoltagegated

Closed but open Closed and not

ready ready
inactivated

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 Activation & Fast
Inactivation

mgate hgate

62

The activation gates - m gates,
The inactivation gate - h gates

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 Positivefeedbackloop

IfYES,then...
Reach
threshold?

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 Positive feedback loop
(Hodgkin cycle)

Na+channelsactivateusingpositivefeedbackloop,

producingalargeandrapidresponsetoasmallstimulus

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1 2

3 4
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 "
???

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 Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
Na+
"

Fugu-sashi Fugu-chiri

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69
 Refractory periods
Relative
Absolute -

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 GATE STATES DURING AN ACTION POTENTIAL

(inactivation)

71
 -"
? !
:
.1
.2 )
Depolarisation ( KD
+ 60 Action Potential

Membrane Repolarisation
potential mV 0

- 70

1 2 3 4
)Time (ms
72
73
 ) (
Voltage-gated

) -) 0mV4 -

74
75

Krest, KD :
KD -/

Krest -

76

Neurotoxins
Tetraethylammonium (TEA)
) ( +K

Cone Snail

Ca++ Conotoxins

77
: 1 -
:
:
[Na+1]=142mM
[K+1]=4mM
[Cl1]=104mM
[Protein1]=42mM
[Proteinnocharge]=?
:
[Na+1]=10mM
?=][K+1
[Cl1]=2mM
[Protein1]=164mM
.

. ,
? .
79
? .
 : 2

, . ,
mM. 0.001
- mM, - 0.01
.
?) (
,
.
, )?(
.
?
? ?

[ K ]o
E K 58 log
[ K ]i
80