Journal Reading

Pembimbing Disusun Oleh:

Dr. Hendro Sp.S Nur Zaki Hanifiah

Novia Putri
Abdelrahman
PICOS

P: elderly patient
I: PPI
C: present of dementia
O: dementia
S: prospective Cohort study
Harm critical appraisal

Validity:
Are the objectives of the study clearly
stated? PICO
Were exposures and outcomes measured in
the same way in the patient groups? Yes
Were the patient groups clearly defined and
similar in prognosis other than exposure
to the treatment or aetiological factor? Yes
Was follow-up sufficiently complete and
was it long enough? Yes
 Did the study have a sufficiently large sample
size? Yes
Was there statistical adjustment for important
differences between patient groups? Yes
Is the temporal relationship plausible?
Yes
Is there evidence of a dose-response? Yes
Is the biological relationship plausible? ??
Is there evidence of causation from a
withdrawal-rechallenge study? Yes
Clinical Importance
How strong is the association between
exposure and outcome (harm, disease)?
RR (Relative Risk) or odds ration (OR)
How precise are the estimates of risk?
95% confidence interval (CI)
Are the results discussed in relation to
existing knowledge and is the discussion
biased?
What level of evidence does this paper
give? Oxford CEBM level
Applicability

Were the study patients and their

management similar to those in
my practice? Yes
Are the results useful in your
patient? yes
EBP Calculations

Number needed to Harm (NNH)

Cohort Study
Relative Risk (RR) = [a/(a+b)]/[c/
(c+d)]