Resistivity logging

Resistivity : A measure of the resisting power of a

specified material to the flow of an electric current
Well logging that works by characterizing the rock or

sediment
Measure by electrical resistivity
To differentiate hydrocarbon bearing zones from the

water bearing intervals

Principal of resistivity logging
Environmental effect of resistivity logging
Influenced by:
-The borehole mud adjacent
-Invaded zone
-Shoulder beds
-Uninvaded formation
Log-interpretation charts need to be corrected
Correction in data:

Borehole Bed thickness Invasion

Application of resistivity logging

Calculation of hydrocarbon saturation

Identification of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs
Determination of Net Pay thicknesses
Identification of productive reservoirs
Estimation of formation permeability

abCIDIE
Importance of resistivity logging
Evaluate the produce ability of a formation
Indicate the presence of movable hydrocarbons
Determine the true resistivity of the formation and

depth of invasion
Indicate permeability
Determine hydrocarbon saturation
Advantages & disadvantages of
resistivity logging
Advantages
The equipment is light, portable and
inexpensive
Qualitative interpretation of the data
is rapid and straightforward
Field expenses are minimal
Shallow investigations are rapid
Disadvantages
Accuracy of depth determination is
lower than with seismic techniques
Interpretation of complex geologic
structures is difficult and ambiguous
Presence of metal pipes, cables,
fences and electrical grounds can
complicate interpretation
Deep investigations require long
cables and consume much field time
Neutron logging
Logging tool emits high energy neutrons into formation
Neutrons collide with nuclei of formations atoms
Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with each collision
The most energy is lost when colliding with a hydrogen atom
nucleus
Neutrons are slowed sufficiently to be captured by nuclei
Capturing nuclei become excited and emit gamma rays
Principle of neutron logging

Neutron source emits high energy

neutrons into the formation.
The individual neutrons collide with

nuclei of atoms in the formation.

Each collision reduces the energy

level of the impacting neutron until

it reaches intermediate energy level
called epithermal neutron.
As epithermal neutron collide with

more nuclei they lose additional

energy until they come into general
equilibrium with the surrounding
nuclei (called thermal neutron)
Principal of neutron logging (cont)

Most neutron tools detect returning thermal

neutrons.
Common chemical element that is by far the
most effective at degrading neutrons from
high energy to epithermal to thermal levels is
hydrogen
When neutrons reach low energy thermal
equilibrium level they are very susceptible to
capture by nuclei in the formation.
When neutron capture occurs a gamma ray is
released.
This gamma ray is detected and proportional
to the amount of hydrogen in the formation.
High initial thermal flux rate and rapid
decline is to be expected with high porosity
because of the abundance of water.
Advantages and disadvantages of neutron
logging
Advantages Disadvantages
Soil moisture can be measured regardless Inadequate depth resolution may create a
of its physical state measurement of moisture content a little
harder
Such probes can be interfaced with Moisture measurement may depend on
automatic downloading of stored data physical and chemical properties that
have proven to be difficult to measure

Soil moisture changes can be logged and High level of care and attention to
measured to give accurate information minimize potential health risks.

Rapid changes of moisture level can be Inaccurate result due to the immediate
detected easily moisture at the soil surface cannot be
measured
Environmental effect of neutron logging
Influenced by:
-Hydrogen index
-Excavation effect
Log-interpretation charts need to be corrected
Correction in data:
-Borehole size
-Borehole salinity
-Borehole temperature and pressure
-Mud cake
-Mud weight
-Formation salinity
-Tool standoff from borehole wall