U R E S O F

MEA S
E N D EN C Y
TR A L T
CEN
AND
U R E S O F
ME A S
S P ER S I ON
D I
 INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION
2.MEAN
3.MEDIAN
4. MODE
5.QUARTILE
6.RANGE
 INTRODUCTION TO
CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Central tendency is a central value or a typical
value for aprobability distribution. It is
occasionally called anaverageor just
thecenterof the distribution. The most common
measures of central tendency are the
arithmetic mean, themedianand themode. A
central tendency can be calculated for either a
finite set of values or for a theoretical
distribution, such as thenormal distribution.
Occasionally authors use central tendency
 MODE
GEOMETRIC MEAN
MEDIAN
ARITHMETIC MEAN
HARMONIC MEAN
CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEASURES OF
 PROPERTIES OF A
GOOD
MEASURE OF
CENTRAL
IT TENDENCY
SHOULD BE RIGIDLY DEFINED.
IT SHOULD BE EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND

CALCULATE
IT SHOULD BE BASED ON ALL THE
OBSERVATIONS OF DATA .
IT SHOULD BE SUBJECTED TO FURTHER
MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS
IT SHOULD BE LEAST AFFECTED BY
 MEAN
ARI
TH
ME
TIC
ME
AN
HARMONIC
MEAN

GEOMETRIC MEAN
ARITHMETIC MEAN

DEFINATION
The arithmetic
mean is the most
common measure
of central
tendency. It is
simply the sum
of the numbers
divided by the
number of
 FORMULA
INDIVISUAL
SERIES

DISCRETE
SERIES
CALCULATION OF
ARITHMETIC MEAN
ADVANTAGES
IT ISEASY TO UNDERSTAND AND CALCULATE.
BASED ON ALL THE ITEMS OF SAMPLE
RIGIDLY DEFINED BY MATHEMATICAL FORMULA.
WE CAN COMPUTE COMBINED ARITHMETIC MEAN.
IT HAS SAMPLING STABILITY .

DISADVANTAGES
AFFECTED BY EXTREME VALUES
NOT USEFUL FOR STUDYING QUALITATIVE
PHENOMENON
 MEDIA
N

RVEE PARASRAMKA-1211
 DEFINATION OF
MEDIAN
Themedianis also a
frequently used
measure of central
tendency. The median
is the midpoint of a
distribution: the same
number of scores is
above the median as
below it.
FORMUL
A INDIVISUAL
WHEN
SERIES
WHEN
N IS N IS
EVEN ODD
ARRANGE DATA ARRANGE DATA IN
IN INCREASING INCREASING OR
ORDER OR DECREASING ORDER
DECREASING
ORDER

TAKE THE
ARITHMETIC MEAN
OF MIDDLE VALUES
ie
N/2 +N+1/2
CALCULATION OF MEDIAN
 ADVANTAGES
(1)It is very simple to understand and easy to
calculate. In some cases it is obtained simply by
inspection.

(2) Median lies at the middle part of the series and

hence it is
not affected by the extreme values.

(3) It is a special average used in qualitative

phenomena like
intelligence or beauty which are not quantified
but ranks
are given. Thus we can locate the person
whose
intelligence or beauty is the average.
 DISADVANTAGES
(1)In simple series, the item values have to be
arranged. If the series contains large number of
items, then the process becomes tedious.

(2) It is a less representative average because it

does not depend on all the items in the series.

(3) It is not capable of further algebraic treatment.

For example, we can not find a combined median of
two or more groups if the median of different groups
are given.

(4) It is affected more by sampling fluctuations than

the mean as it is concerned with on1y one item i.e.
 MODE

VAISHALI-
 DEFINATION OF MODE
A statistical term that
refers to the most
frequently occurring
number found in a set of
numbers. The mode is
found by collecting and
organizing the data in
order to count the
frequency of each result.
The result with the highest
occurrences is the mode of
the set.
FORMULA
CALCULATION OF
MODE
ADVANTAGES
It is easy to understand and simple tocalculate.
It is not affectedby extremelarge or small values.
It can be located only by inspection in ungrouped data and
discrete frequency distribution.
It can be useful for qualitative data.
It can be computed in open-end frequency table.
It can be located graphically.

DISADVANTAGES
It is not well defined.
It is not based on all the values.
It is stable for large values and it will not be well defined if the
data consists of smallnumberof values.
It is not capable of further mathematical treatment.
Sometimes, the data having one or more than one mode and
sometimes the data having no mode at all.
 QUARTILES

Vineeta Arora -
EFINATION OF QUARTILE
A statistical term describing a division of
observations into four defined intervals based upon
the values of the data and how they compare to
the
Eachentire set contains
quartile of observations.
25% of the total
observations. Generally, the data is ordered from
smallest to largest with those observations falling
below 25% of all the data analyzed allocated within
the 1st quartile, observations falling between
25.1% and 50% and allocated in the 2nd quartile,
then the observations falling between 51% and
75% allocated in the 3rd quartile, and finally the
remaining observations allocated in the 4th
quartile.
 FORMULA
INDIVIDUAL SERIES
 CALCULATION
Question1:Find the quartiles of the following data: 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 22, 33.
Solution:

Here the numbers are arranged in the increasing order, n = 7

Lowerquartile,Q1 = n+1th4 item

= (7+1)4 item

= 2nd item =5

Median, Q2 = n+1th2 item = (7+1)2 item = 4th item = 7

UpperQuartile,Q3 = 3 n+1th4 item = 3(7+1)4 item = 6th item = 22

Question2:Find the Quartiles of the following marks:-
21, 12, 36, 15, 25, 34, 25, 34
Solution:

First we have to arrange the numbers in the ascending order.

12, 15, 21, 25, 25, 34, 34, 36
n=8
LowerQuartile,Q1 = n+1th4 item = 8+14 item = 2.25th item

= 2nd item + 0.25(3rd item - 2nd item)

=15 + 0.25(21 - 15) = 15 + 0.25(6) = 16.5

SecondQuartile, Q2 = n+1th2 item

= 8+12 item = 4.5th item

= 4th item + 0.5(5th item - 4th item)

=15 + 0.5(25 - 15)

= 15 + 0.5(10) = 20

ThirdQuartile, Q3 = 3n+1th4 item

= 3(8+1)4 item
 RANGE

TANYA SINGLA -
DEFINATION OF RANGE
The range is very easy to
calculate because it is simply
the difference between the
largest and the smallest
observed values in a data set.
Thus, range, including any
outliers, is the actual spread
of data.
 FORMULA
Range = difference between
highest and lowest
observed values
CALCULATION OF RANGE
Example: In{4, 6, 9, 3,
7}the lowest value is 3, and
the highest is 9.
So the range is 9-3 =6.
ADVANTAGE
The range is an informative tool used as a supplement to
other measures such as the standard deviation or semi-
interquartile range

DISDVANTAGE
The range value of a data set is greatly influenced
by the presence of just one unusually large or
small value (outlier).
The disadvantage of using range is that it does not measure
the spread of the majority of values in a data setit only
measures the spread between highest and lowest values. As
a result, other measures are required in order to give a better
picture of the data spread.
THANK
YOU !!!!