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PHENOLS
Alcohols
organic compounds containing
hydroxyl groups (-OH).
4. -When multiple alcohols are present use di, tri, etc before the ol
but after the parent name. eg) 2,3-hexandiol.
CH3
OH
CH3 CH CH2OH
CH3 CH CH2CH3
2-methyl-1-propanol
2-butanol
CH3 OH
CH3 C OH
CH3
Br CH3
2-methyl-2-propanol
3-bromo-3-methylcyclohexanol
4
Naming Alcohols
Naming Diols
Two numbers are needed to locate the two
-OH groups.
Use -diol as suffix instead of -ol.
HO OH
Hexane-1,6-
diol 7 octene-2,4-
diol
6
Classification of Alcohols
Alcohols can be classified as primary,
secondary or tertiary
ortho- for 1,2; meta- for 1,3; and para- for 1,4
are used when there is only one other
substituent.
Permanganate
Nitric acid
Oxidation of Alcohols
This reaction is used to make
aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic
acids.
1
CH3CH2OH + Na CH3CH2O Na + /2 H2
=>
34
Formation of Alkoxide ion
Reactivity of alcohols towards sodium and
potassium decreases in the order
OH
H3O+
H + CH3 + H2O
Heat
CH3
Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed
Dehydration of an Alcohol
First, the acid catalyst protonates the
alcohol
H H H
OH
O
O
+ +
O H H
H H
H H
O O
+
H H
+ O + O
H H H H H
Conversion to Alkyl Halides
Hydrochloric Acid
H-Cl reacts in the same way, although often Zinc (II)
chloride (a Lewis acid) is added to help compensate
for the lower nucleophilicity of chloride ion.
48
Formation of Phenoxide Ion
Reaction of Phenol with Sodium
Carbonate
Phenol isn't acidic enough to react with
carbonate.