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BKF1323
References:
Graham S. Robert, A.and Francis Gingrich and Maitland Jones Organic Chemistry
McGraw-Hill.
Graham S. Organic chemistry ., John Wiley & Sons.
Janice G. Smith., Organic Chemistry., McGraw-Hill 1st edition.
John McMurry., Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Seventh Edition., Brooks/Cole
Paul M Dewick Essential of Organic Chemistry., John Wiley & Sons.
CHAPTER 1
Shapes of Molecules,
Compounds
Organic Chemistry
and nitrogen.
Structure and Bonding in Organic
Molecules
Two central premises are fundamental:
1. The atoms in organic compounds can
form a xed number of bonds using
their outermost shell (valence)
electrons.
A formula that shows only the number of atoms of each element in the compound
is an Empirical Formula; if any supposed arrangement is exhibited the formula is
termed rational. When the symbols are displayed so as to indicate probable
relations of the atoms to each other the formula is termed structural (sometimes
graphic}. The following formulas exemplify these terms :
C6H14 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Figure 1
Figure 2
Vollhardt, K. Peter C., Organic chemistry : structure and function 6th ed. W. H.
The Periodic Table Underlies The Octet Rule
An atom that gains electrons becomes an anion (a negatively charged ion), and an
atom that loses electrons becomes a cation (a positively charged ion). This ionic
interaction is often referred to as an ionic bond.
bond
An atom may share electrons with one or more other atoms to complete its
valence
shell.
BondsAmay
chemical bond formed
be partially by partially
ionic and sharing electrons
covalentisthese
covalent; calledbonds
a covalent bond.
are called polar
covalent bonds.
bonds
Ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from the valence shell of an atom of
lower electronegativity to the valence shell of an atom of higher electronegativity.
Example,
Example ions are formed from sodium (electronegativity 0.9) and l fluorine
(electronegativity 4.0).
Example
William H. Brown., Organic Chemistry, Sixth Edition., 2012, 2009 Brooks/Cole.,
Ionization Potential & Electron Affinity
Example
Vollhardt, K. Peter C., Organic chemistry : structure and function 6th ed. W. H.
Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed between atoms by the sharing of one
or
more pairs of electrons to give a noble gas configuration at each atom.
In this pairing, a large amount of energy is released, meaning that two hydro-
gen atoms are unstable relative to H2. The same amount of energy, called the Bond
Dissociation Enthalpy (BDE),
(BDE) also known as the bond dissociation energy) would
have to be absorbed to break the bond.