CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS
ROTATING COMPONENT & STATIONARY COMPONENT
 General components
of a Centrifugal Pump
Suction and Discharge Nozzle
Cut-away of a pump showing volute casing
Solid Casing
Seal Chamber and Stuffing Box
 Seal Chamber and Stuffing Box
o Gland:
is is a very important part of the seal chamber that gives the mechanical seal
the desired fit on the shaft sleeve. The gland comprises of the seal flush,
quench, cooling, drain, and vent connection ports as per the standard codes like
API 682.
o Throat Bushing:
h a stationary device that forms a restrictive close clearance around the sleeve
(or shaft) between the seal and the impeller.
o Throttle bushing
refers to a device that forms a restrictive close clearance around the sleeve (or
shaft) at the outboard end of a mechanical seal gland.
o Internal circulating device
rerefers to device located in the seal chamber to circulate seal chamber fluid
through a cooler or barrier/buffer fluid reservoir. Usually it is referred to as a
pumping ring.
o Mechanical Seal: The features of a mechanical seal will be discussed in
Part-II of the article.
Rotating Components
Rotating Components
 POMPA SENTRIFUGAL
Produce a head and a flow by increasing the velocity of the
liquid through the machine with the help of a impeller.

End suction pump

In-line pump
Double suction pump
Vertical multistage pump
Horizontal multistage pump
Submersible pumps
Self-priming pumps
Axial-flow pumps
Regenerative pumps
 Working Mechanism of a Centrifugal Pump

The impeller converts

driver energy into the
kinetic energy.

The volute or diffuser is

converts the kinetic
energy into pressure
energy

A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a

just an indication of the amount of resistance to flow.
CAVITATION
running at less than 10% of its best
efficiency point
PENYEBAB CAVITATION

pump installed above liquid level

pump drawing from vacuum tank
high vapor pressure liquid
unusually long suction line
plant is at high altitude
 Suction Cavitation
Suction Cavitation occurs when --- NPSHA < NPSHR
Symptoms
1. The pump sounds like it is pumping rocks!
2. High Vacuum reading on suction line
3. Low discharge pressure/High flow

Causes
1. Clogged suction pipe
2. Suction line too long
3. Suction line diameter too small
4. Suction lift too high
5. Valve on Suction Line only partially open

Remedies
1. Remove debris from suction line
2. Move pump closer to source tank/sump
3. Increase suction line diameter
4. Decrease suction lift requirement
5. Install larger pump running slower which will decrease the NPSHR pump
6. Increase discharge pressure
7. Fully open Suction line valve
 Discharge Cavitation
occurs when the pump discharge head is too high

Symptoms
1. The pump sounds like it is pumping rocks!
2. High Discharge Gauge reading
3. Low flow

Causes
1. Clogged discharge pipe
2. Discharge line too long
3. Discharge line diameter too small
4. Discharge static head too high
5. Discharge line valve only partially open

Remedies
1. Remove debris from discharge line
2. Decrease discharge line length
3. Increase discharge line diameter
4. Decrease discharge static head requirement
5. Install larger pump which will maintain the required flow without discharge cavitating
6. Fully open discharge line valve
 PRINSIP KERJA CENTIFUGAL PUMP
(Aplikasi Bernouli)
3
increases liquid pressure by
increasing fluid velocity by action 2 1 1
of a rotating impeller

1 2 Impeler dWao V22

menaikan energi Kinetik dm 2 V r
2 3 Difuser ( P3 P2 ) V22
E kin menjadi Tekanan
2

2
D 2 N (rpm)

2
( P3 P2 ) (r )
2
2 D N tergantung
- ukuranimpeler

g 2g 2g 2g - speed
(rpm)
Pump will pump all fluids to the same height if the shaft is turning at
the same rpm.
 Centrifugal Pumps

2
D 2 N (rpm)

2
( P3 P2 ) (r )
2
2 D N

g 2g 2g 2g
"constant head machines and not a constant P
Head tetap
pressure machine, since pressure is a function of g
head and density.

dW pompa P V 2 F
Head z
gdm g 2g g

The higher , the more power is required

to get the shaft to the same rpm
DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

The key performance parameters of centrifugal pumps are

Head,
Capacity,
BHP (Brake horse power),
Pump curves
BEP (Best efficiency point) and
Specific speed.
 Capacity
The capacity depends on a number of factors like:

Impeller size

Impeller rotational speed RPM

Size and shape of cavities between the vanes

Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections

Pump suction and discharge temperature and pressure conditions

Process liquid characteristics i.e. density, viscosity

KAPASITAS, HEAD DAN FLUID HORSE POWER
(FHP)
D
Kapasitas Q AV Ar A 2N ADN
2

2
D
2N
Head
( r ) 2
2
DN
2

2g 2g 2g

D N D N
2 3
dW pump
FHP m& gHm& g AD N
dm 2g 2
AFFINITY LAWS FOR ROTATING EQUIPMENT

Capacity
proportional to impeller speed and/or impeller diameter.

Head
proportional to the square of speed and diameter

Power
proportional to the cube of speed and diameter (as does NPSH)
 BHP & FHP
Brake Horse Power Fluid Horse Power

Energi/massa dWao dW pompa P V2

( gz ) F
dm dm 2

Energi diterima fluida Energi dari poros pompa

dW pompa FHP
FHP m& BHP
dm P

m : laju alir massa Energi dari motor penggerak

P :Efisiensi Pompa BHP

M :Efisiensi Motor Motor HP
M
 Pump Performance Curve
Correlation of pump capasity to its HEAD

The pump performance curve also shows its efficiency (BEP),

required input power (in BHP), NPSHr, and other information
such as pump size and type, impeller size, rpm etc.

This curve is plotted for a constant speed (rpm) and a given

impeller diameter (or series of diameters). Pump curves are
based on a specific gravity of 1.0. Other specific gravities must
be considered by the user.
KURVA KARAKTERISTIK POMPA
(D impeler dan rpm tetap)

P
tetap hanya pada flow rendah
g
 PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

Pump Design
ImpellerDiameter
Pump Speed

Total Efficiency
Dynamic
Head
BHP
Required ?
NPSH
Required
BHP = QHg

Flow NPSH required is

a function of the pump design
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
PVapor

P-PVapor
NPSH required =
g
h

P
Best Efficiency Point (BEP)

The H, NPSHr, efficiency, and BHP all vary with

flow rate, Q. Best Efficiency Point (BEP) is the
capacity at maximum impeller diameter at which the
efficiency is highest. All points to the right or left of
BEP have a lower efficiency
Pump Characteristic Curves
 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
SPECIFIC SPEED
Q ADN
1 3 3
1 m 3
2 1 m m
2 2
Q N ADNN
2 3
s s
s 2 s

Q= Kapasitas pada BEP H

DN
2
3 3

H
3
4

DN
2X
4 m

2

Suction 2 s
specific speed
 SPECIFIC SPEED

Adalah indeks disain pompa, yang menunjukkan

kesamaan GEOMETRI POMPA, digunakan untuk
klasifikasi IMPELER pompa sesuai jenis dan
bentuknya (proportions).

Pompa yang ukurannya berbeda namun

memiliki Ns sama , dianggap secara sama
GEOMETRI nya.
 Specific Speed and Pump Type

Specific Speed, Ns

Radial impellers are generally low flow high head designs

whereas axial flow impellers are high flow low head designs.
 SPECIFIC SPEED

Specific speed identifies the approximate acceptable ratio

of the impeller eye diameter (D1) to the impeller
maximum diameter (D2) in designing a good impeller.

Ns: 500 to 5000; D1/D2 > 1.5 - radial flow pump

Ns: 5000 to 10000; D1/D2 < 1.5 - mixed flow pump
Ns: 10000 to 15000; D1/D2 = 1 - axial flow pump
CENTRIFUGAL FLOW PUMP
Mixed Flow Pump
Axial Flow Pump
REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSISTENT
OPERATION
No cavitation of the pump occurs throughout the broad
operating range
a certain minimum continuous flow is always
maintained during operation.
 MINIMUM FLOW IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Small pumps
30% of the flow at BEP (best efficiency point).
Larger and multistage pumps
50% of BEP flow.

Reduced flow causes :

Cases of heavy leakages from the casing, seal, and stuffing boX
Deflection and shearing of shafts
Seizure of pump internalsClose tolerances erosion
Separation cavitation
Product quality degradation
Excessive hydraulic thrust
Premature bearing failures
VERSI SATUAN
BRITISH
 Selecting Centrifugal or Positive Displacement Pumps

Centrifugal Positive
Displacement
Flow Rate and flow depending on constant flow
Pressure Head the system pressure regardless of the
or head system pressure
Capacity and the flow is reduced the flow is increased
Viscosity when the viscosity is when viscosity is
increased increased
Mechanical Efficiency has a dramatic effect Changing head has
on the flow rate little or no effect on
the flow rate
Net Positive Suction NPSH varies as a NPSH varies as a
Head - NPSH function of flow function of flow
determined by determined by
pressure speed.
Head
 SOAL SOAL POMPA
9.1. Berapa galon per menit yang dapat ditransfer oleh
pompa piston yang memiliki luas area 10in2 dan panjang
stroke 5 in dengan speed 1 Hz.

A=1in2 Speed=1Hz

5in
1Hz- 1detik dalam 1 siklus
1menit= 60 siklus

Q=A.L.N
Q=1X5X60 in2 per menit
 32.2lbm. ft
SOAL SOAL POMPA 1
lbf .s 2

9.2 Hitung hydraulic horse power untuk memompa 500 galon

per menit dari inlet 5 psig ke outlet 30 psig

dWao P
Head
gdm g
P2
dWs P P
Power m m Q PQ
dm
P1
lbf ft 3 lbf . ft
Po PQ 2
ft s s
Q=500 galon/min
lbf . ft hp . min 60 s P1=5 psi
Po X X P2=30 psi
s 3300lbf . ft min
 SOAL SOAL POMPA
9.4. Suatu pompa mentransfer 50galon per menit fluida dari tekanan
30psi ke 100 psi. Power yang disuplai ke motor adalah 2.8 hp Jika
perubahan elevasi dan kecepatan diabaikan hitung efiensi motor.
Hitung kenaikan suhu air jika proses dianggap adiabatik

dWs P P
Power m m Q PQ
dm
P
Qlost ( 1 )Power C p T P1 2

( 1 )Power Q=50 galon/min

T P1=5 psi
Cp P2=30 psi
Po=2,8hp
 Soal soal Pompa
9.5. Fluida mercury ingin dipompakan dengan menggunakan
PD pump.Diasumsikan tidak ada friksi dan tekanan uap mercury
diabaikan. Hitung suction lift.

( P2 P1 ) V22 F
h z2 z1 )
g 2g g

Max jika
Patmosfir P2 0
hmax F0
g V2 0

P P 14 ,7 lbf/in 2 32.2 lbm .ft 144in 2 34

ft
merkuri g 13.6 air g 62 ,3 lbm/ft 32.2 ft/s
3 2
lbf. s 2
ft 2
13,6
 Soal soal Pompa
9.6 Suatu pompa sentrifugal dioperasikan pada 1800 rpm. Jika
fluidanya air, hitung perbedaan tekanan yang dapat dibangkitkan
oleh pompa untuk impeler 1,3, 10 in.Hitung jika rpm 3600

( P3 P2 )

DN 2

g 2

P
DN
2
g
2
2 2
P3600 N1 3600
4
P1800 N2 1800
 Soal soal Pompa
9.6 Dari data flow rate dan dan head suatu kurva performa
pompa hitung efiensi. Misalkan untuk Flow=5ft3/s headnya
330ft. Power=225hp.

Po FHP gHm gHQ

FHP gHQ
FHP gHQ

BHP BHP
 Soal soal Pompa
9.5. Suatu pompa sentrifugal digunakan untuk memompa
mercury. Tekanan inlet 200psi. Diameter impeler 2in.
Pompa diputar dengan kecepatan 20.000 rpm. Estimasikan
tekanan outlet

P
DN
2
g
2

P Pd Ps
DN
2
g
2

Pd
DN
2
g P s
2
 Soal soal Pompa
9.9 Suatu pompa diuji untuk fluida air pada rpm 1800 kapasitasnya
200gal per min kenaikan tekanan 50 psi. Efiensi 75 %. Kita ingin
menggunakan pompa ini untuk memompa merkusri pada rpm dan
flowrate yang sama. Perkirakan kenaikan tekanan, hp dan jika efisiensi
sama. rpm=1800
Q= 200gal per min
rpm=1800
P= 50 psi.
Q= 200gal per min
= 75 %.
P =? psi.
= 75 %.

P
DN
2
g
2
Power Po FHP
dWao
m gHm g
DN ADN DN
2 3

dm 2g 2