EGEE 102 Energy Conservation

And Environmental Protection

Energy Efficiency
 Efficiency of Energy
Conversion
If we are more efficient with the
energy we already have there will
be less pollution, less reliance on
foreign oil and increased domestic
security.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 2

 Energy Efficiency

Useful Energy
Energy Input Energy Output
Conversion
Device
Energy Dissipated
to the Surroundings
Useful Energy Output
Efficiency
Total Energy Input
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 3
Illustration
An electric motor consumes 100 watts (a joule
per second (J/s)) of power to obtain 90 watts of
mechanical power. Determine its efficiency ?

Useful Energy Output

Efficiency
Total Energy Input

= 90 W x 100 = 90 %
100 W

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 4

Efficiency of Some
Common
Device
Devices Efficiency

ElectricMotor 90
HomeOilFurnace 65
HomeCoalFurnace 55
SteamBoiler(power
plant) 89
PowerPlant(thermal) 36
AutomobileEngine 25
LightBulbFluorescent 20
LightBulbIncandescent 5
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 5
 Vehicle Efficiency
Gasoline Engine

25%Ofthegasolineisusedtopropelacar,therestis
lostasheat.i.eanefficiencyof0.25
Source:EnergySources/Applications/Alternatives
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 6
 Heat Engine
A heat engine is
any device which
converts heat
energy into
mechanical energy.
Accounts for 50%
of our energy
conversion devices

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 7

 Carnot Efficiency
Maximum efficiency that can be
obtained for a heat engine

TemperatureisinKelvin!!!!!!!
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 8
 Illustration

Foracoalfiredutilityboiler,Thetemperatureofhigh
pressuresteamwouldbeabout540CandTcold,the
coolingtowerwatertemperaturewouldbeabout
20C.
CalculatetheCarnotefficiencyofthepowerplant?

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 9

 540C=540+273K=813K
20C=20+273=293K

293
CarnotEfficiency () 1 x100 64%
813

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 10

 Inference
Amaximumof64%ofthefuelenergycango
togeneration.TomaketheCarnot
efficiencyashighaspossible,eitherThot
shouldbeincreasedorTcoldshouldbe
decreased.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 11

Schematic Diagram of a
Power Plant

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 12

Boiler Components

Chemical Energy Input (100 BTU

)

Boiler Thermal Energy (88 BTU

)

Mech. Energy (36 BTU

)
Turbine
Generator

Elec. Energy Output (10.26 Wh

)

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 13

 Overall Efficiency
OverallEff=ElectricEnergyOutput(BTU)x100
ChemicalEnergyInput(BTU)

=35BTUx100
100BTU
=35%
OverallEfficiencyofaseriesofdevices=
(ThermalEnergy)x(MechanicalEnergy)x(ElectricalEnergy)
ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 14
 Overall Efficiency Cont..

(ThermalEnergy)x(MechanicalEnergy)x(ElectricalEnergy)
ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy

= Eboiler Eturbine Egenerator

x x

=0.88x0.41x0.97
=0.35or35%

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 15

 System Efficiency
Theefficiencyofasystemisequaltothe
productofefficienciesoftheindividual
devices(subsystems)

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 16

 Efficiency of a Light
Bulb
Step Efficiency Cumulative
Step Efficiency

ExtractionofCoal 96% 96%

Transportation 98% 94%(0.96x0.98)
ElectricityGeneration 38% 36%(0.96x0.98x0.38)
TransportationElec 91% 33%
Lighting
Incandescent 5% 1.7%
Fluorescent 20% 6.6%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 17
System Efficiency of an
Automobile
Cumulative
Step Step Efficiency
Efficiency
ProductionofCrude 96% 96%
Refining 87% 84%
Transportation 97% 81%
ThermaltoMechE 25% 20%
MechanicalEfficiency
Transmission 50% 10%
RollingEfficiency 20% 6.6%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 18
Efficiency of a Space
Heater

Electricity =24%
FuelOil =53%
NaturalGas =70%

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 19

Heat Mover

Any device that

moves heat "uphill",
from a lower
temperature to a
higher temperature
reservoir.
Examples.
Heat pump.
Refrigerator.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 20

 Heat Pump Heating
Cycle

Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 21
Heat Pump Cooling
Cycle

Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 22
 CoefficientofPerformance(C.O.P)

Effectivenessofaheatpumpisexpressedas
coefficientofperformance(C.O.P)

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 23

 Example

Calculatetheidealcoefficientofperformance
(C.O.P.)Foranairtoairheatpumpusedto
maintainthetemperatureofahouseat70F
whentheoutsidetemperatureis30F.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 24

 Solution Cont.

Thot=70F=21C=21+273=294K
Tcold=30F=1C=1+273=272K
C.O.P= 294
294272
=294
22
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 25
 Consequences
For every watt of power used to
drive this ideal heat pump, 13.3 W
is delivered from the interior of the
house and 12.3 from the outside.
Theoretical maximum is never
achieved in practice This example
is not realistic. In practice, a C.O.P
in the range of 2 - 6 is typical.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 26

 More C.O.P.s
Comparetheidealcoefficientsof
performanceoftheofthesameheatpump
installedinMiamiandBuffalo.
Miami:Thot=70F,Tcold=40F
Buffalo:Thot=70F,Tcold=15F

Miami:Thot=294K,Tcold=277K
Bufalo:Thot=294K,Tcold=263K

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 27

 Miami Buffalo
= 294 = 294
(294277) (294263)
= 17.3 = 9.5

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 28