Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Processing
4.6 Color Image Processing
Color
simplifies object extraction and identification
human vision : thousands of colors vs max-24
gray levels
Color Spectrum
white light with a prism (1966, Newton)
4.6 Color Image Processing
H 360 H , if g 0 b0 where g 0 G / I , b0 B / I
3
S 1 (min{R, G, B})
RG B
4.6 Color Image Processing
HSI to RGB Conversion
1
B (1 S )
3
1 S cos H assume 0 H 120
R [1 ]
3 cos(60 H )
G 1 R B
Image Retrieval Application
Content-Based Image Retrieval System
f e a tu re
e x tra c tio n
In d e x f e a tu re in f o r m a tio n in d e x
q u e ry
Q u e ry
r e s u lt
Im a g e d a ta b a s e
R e t r ie v a l
d e c o m p re s s io n
c o m p r e s s io n im a g e
Image Retrieval Application
Color Features for Image Indexing
Color Histogram
an estimate of the probability of occurrence of color intensities
: simple and geometric invariance(translation, rotation, and
scaling)
: lack of spatial information of objects
Dominant Colors
image
Color Monments
moment invariants for color distribution
Image Retrieval Application
Example of Color Histogram in HSI Model
Classification / decision
Acquisition,
HIGH
Algorithm Amount of preprocessing
Complexity Data no intelligence
Increases MEDIUM Decreases
Extraction, edge
joining
LOW
Recognition,
interpretation
intelligent
Raw data
Low level digital image
processing
Low level computer vision ~ digital image processing
Image Acquisition
image captured by a sensor (TV camera) and digitized
Preprocessing
suppresses noise (image pre-processing)
enhances some object features - relevant to understanding the image
edge extraction, smoothing, thresholding etc.
Image segmentation
separate objects from the image background
colour segmentation, region growing, edge linking etc
Object description and classification
after segmentation
Signals and Functions
What is an image
Signal = function (variable with physical meaning)
one-dimensional (e.g. dependent on time)
two-dimensional (e.g. images dependent on two co-ordinates in a plane)
three-dimensional (e.g. describing an object in space)
higher-dimensional
Scalar functions
sufficient to describe a monochromatic image - intensity images
Vector functions
represent color images - three component colors
Image Functions
Image - continuous function of a number of variables
Co-ordinates x, y in a spatial plane
for image sequences - variable (time) t
Image function value = brightness at image points
other physical quantities
temperature, pressure distribution, distance from the observer
Image on the human eye retina / TV camera sensor - intrinsically 2D
2D image using brightness points = intensity image
Mapping 3D real world -> 2D image
2D intensity image = perspective projection of the 3D scene
information lost - transformation is not one-to-one
geometric problem - information recovery
understanding brightness info
Image Acquisition & Manipulation
Analogue camera
frame grabber
video capture card
Digital camera / video recorder
Capture rate 30 frames / second
HVS persistence of vision
Computer, digitised image, software (usually c)
f(x,y) #define M 128
#define N 128
unsigned char f[N][M]
2D array of size N*M
Each element contains an intensity value
Image definition
Image definition:
A 2D function obtained by sensing a scene N
F(x,y), F(x1,x2), F(x)
F - intensity, grey level f(o,o)
x,y - spatial co-ordinates M
No. of grey levels, L = 2B
f(N-1,M-1)
B = no. of bits
B L Description
1 2 Binary Image (black and white)
6 54 64 levels, limit of human visual system
8 256 Typical grey level resolution
Brightness and 2D images
F(xi,yj) f(o,o)
i = 0 --> N-1
j = 0 --> M-1 M
N*M = spatial resolution, size of
image f(N-1,M-1)
L = intensity levels, grey levels
B = no. of bits
Digital Image Storage
Stored in two parts
header
width, height cookie.
Cookie is an indicator of what type of image file
data
uncompressed, compressed, ascii, binary.
File types
JPEG, BMP, PPM.
PPM, Portable Pixel Map
Cookie
Px
Where x is:
1 - (ascii) binary image (black & white, 0 & 1)
2 - (ascii) grey-scale image (monochromic)
3 - (ascii) colour (RGB)
4 - (binary) binary image
5 - (binary) grey-scale image (monochromatic)
6 - (binary) colour (RGB)
PPM example
PPM colour file RGB
P3
# feep.ppm
44
15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 15
0 0 0 0 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 0 0 0
15 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tools
Installing CVIPtools
Download the appropriate installation from
http://www.ee.siue.edu/CVIPtools/
Double-click on binWin32.tar.gz
Agree to the WinZip conditions.
Answer the Should WinZip decompress it to a temporary
folder and open it? YES
You will see the WinZip window with over 1100 files, find
the file install.exe and double-click on it
You will see an Install window with the statement
WinZip will extract all files to a temporary folder and run
the install.exe program Press OK
Installing CVIPtools
WinZip will extract the files to c:\windows\TEMP\install
You will see the CVIPtools Installation window with the
statement Press OK to proceed with installation, Press Cancel
to abort installation Press OK
You will see the Select source drive directory, which should be
C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\install. Press OK
You will see the Select destination drive and directory. Press
the .. until you see the directory C:\CVIPtools, then press OK
You will see the Select installation type and options window.
Select Binary installation and press OK
Installing CVIPtools
You will see a Copying files message. Wait for the
program to finish. You will see the CVIPtools Installation
complete message. Press OK.
You will see a Install window with the question. When
install.exe completes press the OK button to return to
WinZip. Press OK.
Exit from WinZip
Go to C:\CVIPtools\bin
Make a shortcut to CVIPtools.bat
To run CVIPtools double-click on the shortcut.
Image presentation (1)
1.1 Image capture,
representation, and
storage:
digital image, DPI, pixel...
Example: Various
quantizing level: (a) 6
bits; (b) 4 bits; (c) 2
bits; (d) 1 bit.
Image presentation (2)
http://www.cheng.cam.ac.uk/seminars/imagepro/
Sources
533 Text book
http://sern.ucalgary.ca/courses/CPSC/533/W99/
presentations/L2_24A_Lee_Wang/
http://sern.ucalgary.ca/courses/CPSC/533/W99/
presentations/L1_24A_Kaasten_Steller_Hoang/main.htm
http://sern.ucalgary.ca/courses/CPSC/533/W99/
presentations/L1_24_Schebywolok/index.html
http://sern.ucalgary.ca/courses/CPSC/533/W99/
presentations/L2_24B_Doering_Grenier/
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/3828/
optical.html
http://members.spree.com/funNgames/katbug/
Sources
Bryan S. Morse
Prof. Paolo Dario
Cecilia Laschi
Many WWW sources
Anup Basu, Ph.D. Professor, Dept of Computing Sc.
University of Alberta
Professor Kim, KAIST
Computer science, University of Massachusetts,
Web Site: www-edlab.cs.umass/cs570
Companies in Canada
BIOLOGICAL
Morphometrix (Toronto): automated pap smear testing
DEFENSE/INTELLIGENCE
SPAR Aerospace (Toronto, Edmonton): detection of targets in radar clutter
DOCUMENT PROCESSING
NCR: check processing; character recognition
FACTORY AUTOMATION
IPS Automation (Markham): automated bottle thread and CRT inspection
IO Industries (London): image acquisition
MEDICAL
Forward Imaging (London)
EVS (London)
Cedara Software (Mississauga)
Mitra (Waterloo)
Dicomit (Markham)
...
Summary
Should know following terms:
digital image (pixel, gray level)
colormap
digitization
continuous-tone image
sampling
quantization
dynamic range
spatial resolution
pixelation
brightness resolution
posterization & brightness contouring
digital image processing
digital image analysis
Human Vision and Machine
Vision
Digital Image
Outline
Image Formation Light and Optics
Pinhole camera model
Start
Image Processing Operations Perspective projection from
for Early Vision Thin lens model
Applications of Early Image Fundamental equation
Distortion: spherical & chromatic
Processing aberration, radial distortion
Extracting 3D Information Reflection and Illumination: color,
using Vision lambertian and specular surfaces,
Phong, BDRF
Using Vision for Sensing Light
Manipulation and Navigation Conversion to Digital Images
Object Representation and
Sampling Theorem
Recognition
Other Sensors: frequency,
Perception
type, .
Computer Scanner
Photo card
reader
Examples of
simple image
processing
What do I do with it?
Option 1
Open it in PhotoEditor
Print it out to Deskjet printer
Laminate it
Stick it on your poster
What do I do with it?
Option 2
Open it in PhotoEditor
Crop and resize to the size it will
appear in the final product
Import image into Word
Print report from Word
What do I do with it? - Option 3
Open it in PhotoEditor
Crop and resize to the size it will
appear in the final product
Import image into PowerPoint
Use PowerPoint for presentation or
Take PowerPoint file to P&IS for
printing as a poster (this costs money)
Don't copy and paste images
into Word and PowerPoint
Always use
Insert
Picture
From file
Dont just insert it into your document and
resize by dragging its sizing handles
If you make it
look smaller,
its still same
filesize
and if you make it bigger...
Also, for images in web pages
Scanning tips
http://www.scantips.com